Month: November 2022

Stereoselective synthesis of (E)-, (E,Z)- and (E,E)-conjugated dienes via alkylation of 3-sulfolenes as the key step was written by Yamada, Sachiko;Ohsawa, Hideto;Suzuki, Takayoshi;Takayama, Hiroaki. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 1986.Computed Properties of C14H24O2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

A new stereoselective method is presented for synthesizing (E)-, (E,Z)-, and (E,E)-conjugated dienes via alkylation of 3-sulfolenes as the key step. Direct alkylation of 3-sulfolene I (R = H) (II) at the 2-position proceeds with good yields when labile sulfolene α-carbanion is generated in the presence of alkyl iodides in THF-HMPA solution at -78°. Alkylation of 2-alkyl-3-sulfolenes I (R = alkyl) give trans-2,5-dialkyl-3-sulfolenes III (R, R¹ = alkyl) with 100% regioselectivity and more than 90% stereoselectivity. Desulfonylation of III was examined and the conditions to give stereoselectively the corresponding (E,Z)- and (E,E)-conjugated dienes were found. Three insect pheromones, (E)-9,11-dodecadien-1-yl acetate, a sex pheromone of the red bollworm moth, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, a sex pheromone of the codling moth, and (E,E)-11,13-hexadecadienal, a sex pheromone of the cabbage webworm, were synthesized by starting from II with nearly 100% stereoselectivity. Cyclohexenes IV (R = alkyl) were prepared from the corresponding I via a Diels-Alder reaction with maleic anhydride. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (E)-Dodeca-9,11-dien-1-yl acetate (cas: 50767-78-7Computed Properties of C14H24O2).

(E)-Dodeca-9,11-dien-1-yl acetate (cas: 50767-78-7) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Esterification is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants (typically an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product. Esters are common in organic chemistry and biological materials.Computed Properties of C14H24O2

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Chemical constituents of the goat margarine and antibacterial activity against bacterial Pathogens in Sudan was written by Abbas, Rasha Khalid. And the article was included in Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology in 2019.Category: esters-buliding-blocks The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The margarine constituents were examined by Gas Chromatog.-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), it contained 41 compounds, fifteen of them were identified as the major compound, Hexadecanoic acid, Me ester (22.39%), Me stearate (14.92%), Me elaidate (13.80%), Me tetradecanoate (10.74%), Capric acid, Me ester (8.34%) Lauric acid (4.52%) Me octanoate (2.70%), linoleic acid Me ester (2.57%), Me 11-octadecenoate (1.90%), Me caproate (1.77%), Me pentadecanoate (1.72%), Me (8E,11E)-8,11-octadecadienoate (1.70%), Heptadecanoic acid, Me ester, (1.46%),trans-13-Octadecenoic acid, Me ester (Oleic acid) (1.20%), Me palmioleate (1.00%). The effect of goat margarine, against four different pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus cereus, were carried out by using a disk diffusion technique, the highest antibacterial activity was detected against Salmonella typhimurium and the lowest one against Escherichia coli. The antibacterial activity of the antibiotics, (Ciprofloxacin, Tetracycline Ceftriaxone, Chloramphenicol and Gentamycin), were tested by the disk diffusion technique, and by measuring zones of inhibition, shows that there were differences, among all antibiotic the highest activity of antibiotic against bacteria was due to the action of ciprofloxacin. Ceftriaxone and Tetracycline antibiotic give lowest activity. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Methyl nonadecanoate (cas: 1731-94-8Category: esters-buliding-blocks).

Methyl nonadecanoate (cas: 1731-94-8) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides alcoholysis is another way to produce esters. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with alcohols to produce esters. Anydrous conditions are recommended since both acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with water.Category: esters-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Formula Development of Red Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Fruit Extract Loaded with Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Creams and Its Anti-Aging Efficacy in Healthy Volunteers was written by Plyduang, Thipapun;Atipairin, Apichart;Sae Yoon, Attawadee;Sermkaew, Namfa;Sakdiset, Pajaree;Sawatdee, Somchai. And the article was included in Cosmetics in 2022.Recommanded Product: Glyceryl monostearate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Palm fruits (Elaeis guineensis) comprise antioxidants that can be used as skin care agents. This study developed a cosmeceutical cream containing E. guineensis extract, loaded with solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and assessed its efficacy on female volunteers. The E. guineensis extract exhibited a good antioxidant activity with high levels of vitamin E, β-carotene, and palmitic acid. Day and night creams containing E. guineensis fruit extract, loaded with SLNs, were formulated and exhibited acceptable phys. characteristics and good stability. Subsequently, their clin. efficacy and safety were evaluated on female volunteers. Both creams were non-irritating and had good cutaneous compatibility. Skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin elasticity, melanin index, and skin texture were measured before and 30 min after the first application, as well as after 7, 14, and 30 days of daily application. A satisfactory survey was implemented using a questionnaire, and volunteer satisfaction scores were high for the product’s performance. Overall, the results showed that skin hydration, TEWL, cutaneous elasticity, and melanin index were improved, compared to the baseline data, after 30 days. Thus, the formulated facial day and night creams made the skin moist, reduced wrinkles, increased elasticity, and cleared the skin to the consumers’ satisfaction. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1Recommanded Product: Glyceryl monostearate).

Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1) belongs to esters. Carboxylic acid esters of low molecular weight are colourless, volatile liquids with pleasant odours, slightly soluble in water. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides alcoholysis is another way to produce esters. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with alcohols to produce esters. Anydrous conditions are recommended since both acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with water.Recommanded Product: Glyceryl monostearate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Chemical constituents of Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn. (Rubiaceae) and their chemophenetic significance was written by Bouzeko, Inest Larissa T.;Dongmo, Faustine Leonie M.;Ndontsa, Blanche Laure;Ngansop, Cyrille Armel N.;Keumoe, Rodrigue;Bitchagno, Gabin Thierry M.;Jouda, Jean Bosco;Mbouangouere, Roukayatou;Tchegnitegni, Billy Toussie;Boyom, Fabrice Fekam;Sewald, Norbert;Lenta, Bruno Ndjakou;Tane, Pierre;Ngouela, Silvere Augustin;Tene, Mathieu. And the article was included in Biochemical Systematics and Ecology in 2021.Recommanded Product: Glyceryl monostearate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The chem. investigation of the CH2Cl2/MeOH (1:1) extract from the aerial part of Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumach. & Thonn. (Rubiaceae) resulted in the isolation of sixteen known compounds (1-16) distributed in coumarins, flavonoid glucosides, quinic acid derivatives, triterpenoids, monoglycerid, steroids, tetraterpenoid and polyol. The structures of the compounds were determined by spectrometric and spectroscopic anal. including MS and NMR data followed by their comparison with reported ones in the literature. The chemophenetic significance of the isolated compounds was discussed. The crude extract and some of the isolated compounds were assessed in vitro for their antileishmanial, cytotoxic and antiplasmodial activities. The crude extract of M. erythrophylla showed moderate antileishmanial activity (IC50 = 61.6μg/mL) while the hexane soluble fraction showed good antileishmanial activity (IC50 = 31.06μg/mL) compared to the reference drug amphotericin B (IC50 = 0.11μM). Compounds 11 and 9 also exhibited potent antileishmanial activity (IC50 = 53.7-52.0μM). The crude extract as well as the Et acetate soluble fraction also exhibited good antiplasmodial activity (IC50 = 7.43 ± 0.00μg/mL and 14.49 ± 2.96μg/mL resp.), while compounds 11, 15 and 16 showed weak activity with IC50 > 20μM compared to the reference drug artemisinin (IC50 = 0.014 ± 0.001μM). This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1Recommanded Product: Glyceryl monostearate).

Glyceryl monostearate (cas: 31566-31-1) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Esters contain a carbonyl center, which gives rise to 120° C–C–O and O–C–O angles. Unlike amides, esters are structurally flexible functional groups because rotation about the C–O–C bonds has a low barrier. Their flexibility and low polarity is manifested in their physical properties; they tend to be less rigid (lower melting point) and more volatile (lower boiling point) than the corresponding amides. Recommanded Product: Glyceryl monostearate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Exploring the volatile profile of whiskey samples using solid-phase microextraction Arrow and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was written by Ferracane, Antonio;Manousi, Natalia;Tranchida, Peter Q.;Zachariadis, George A.;Mondello, Luigi;Rosenberg, Erwin. And the article was included in Journal of Chromatography A in 2022.Quality Control of Isopentyl hexanoate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

We present a novel sample preparation method for the extraction and preconcentration of volatile organic compounds from whiskey samples prior to their determination by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatog. (GC x GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). Sample preparation of the volatile compounds, important for the organoleptic characteristics of different whiskeys and their acceptance and liking by the consumers, is based on the use of the solid-phase microextraction (SPME) Arrow. After optimization, the proposed method was compared with conventional SPME regarding the anal. of different types of whiskey (i.e., Irish whiskey, single malt Scotch whiskey and blended Scotch whiskey) and was shown to exhibit an up to a factor of six higher sensitivity and better repeatability by a factor of up to five, depending on the compound class. A total of 167 volatile organic compounds, including terpenes, alcs., esters, carboxylic acids, ketones, were tentatively-identified using the SPME Arrow technique, while a significantly lower number of compounds (126) were determined by means of conventional SPME. SPME Arrow combined with GC x GC-MS was demonstrated to be a powerful anal. tool for the exploration of the volatile profile of complex samples, allowing to identify differences in important flavor compounds for the three different types of whiskey investigated. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Isopentyl hexanoate (cas: 2198-61-0Quality Control of Isopentyl hexanoate).

Isopentyl hexanoate (cas: 2198-61-0) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides alcoholysis is another way to produce esters. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with alcohols to produce esters. Anydrous conditions are recommended since both acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with water.Quality Control of Isopentyl hexanoate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Interactions between silica particles and model phospholipid monolayers was written by Rojewska, M.;Tim, B.;Prochaska, K.. And the article was included in Journal of Molecular Liquids in 2022.Electric Literature of C39H76NO8P The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The rapid increase in the air pollution level observed in recent years is considered to be one of the main social and economic problems due to the strong direct influence on living organisms. From the point of view of proper prophylaxis, explanation of the mechanism of the impact of suspended dust particles (PMs ≤ 10μm) on model biol. membranes at the mol. level is becoming increasingly important. In this work, we present the effects of the quantity and distribution of solid silica particles on the properties of Langmuir monolayers formed by the main phospholipids of biol. membranes, i.e. 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine (POPE). Dispersions of silica particles (0.1%, 1.0% and 2.5%) have been added to the DPPC or POPE to form a mixed monolayer and investigated using a combination of Langmuir trough technique and Brewster Angle Microscopy (BAM). This study shows that the presence of silica particles (PMs) affects the run of the surface pressure-area (π-A) isotherm, leading to a different phase behavior of the monolayer and it also has an impact on the lipid membrane morphol. Moreover, relaxation experiments of the phospholipid-PMs monolayer were performed to determine the influence of both concentration and distribution of silica particles on the stability of phospholipid membrane. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2R,9Z)-1-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)-3-(palmitoyloxy)propan-2-yl oleate (cas: 26662-94-2Electric Literature of C39H76NO8P).

(2R,9Z)-1-(((2-Aminoethoxy)(hydroxy)phosphoryl)oxy)-3-(palmitoyloxy)propan-2-yl oleate (cas: 26662-94-2) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Liquid esters of low volatility serve as softening agents for resins and plastics. Esters also include many industrially important polymers. Polymethyl methacrylate is a glass substitute sold under the names Lucite and Plexiglas; polyethylene terephthalate is used as a film (Mylar) and as textile fibres sold as Terylene, Fortrel, and Dacron.Electric Literature of C39H76NO8P

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Identifying targets of potential concern by a screening level ecological risk assessment of human use pharmaceuticals in China was written by Bu, Qingwei;Cao, Yibo;Yu, Gang;He, Xiaofan;Zhang, Handan;Sun, Jinyu;Yun, Mengqi;Cao, Zhiguo. And the article was included in Chemosphere in 2020.Quality Control of 4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The pollution of pharmaceuticals has attracted a lot of concerns during recent years. The goal of this study was to identify targets of ecol. concern considering human use pharmaceuticals marketed in China. We constructed a database for 593 active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) by collecting their information on use and emission (e.g. production, human excretion, and removal by wastewater treatment) to calculated predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) by using an adapted European Medicines Agency method. PECs were comparable to the reported measurements for most APIs, demonstrating that the adapted method is reliable for the prioritization practice. Then PECs were compared to toxicity thresholds of three aquatic taxa (algae, daphnia, and fish). As a result, a total of 31 APIs, which were potentially risky and should be taken into consideration in future studies, were identified. Three APIs would pose a high risk with risk quotient (RQ) greater than 10. Six APIs were identified with moderate risks (1 < RQ < 10), and four of them were not reported before: rifaximin, griseofulvin, amikacin, and niclosamide. Of the 22 APIs with low risks (0.1 < RQ < 1), 17 have never been monitored previously in China and even worldwide. This study has yielded some probable antibiotics that should be considered as monitoring targets in China in the future. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate (cas: 5003-48-5Quality Control of 4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate).

4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate (cas: 5003-48-5) belongs to esters. Volatile esters with characteristic odours are used in synthetic flavours, perfumes, and cosmetics. Certain volatile esters are used as solvents for lacquers, paints, and varnishes. Because of their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability, esters do not self-associate. Consequently, esters are more volatile than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.Quality Control of 4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Effectiveness of defatted seed meals from Brassicaceae with or without crude glycerin against black grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) was written by Matteo, R.;Back, M. A.;Reade, J. P. H.;Ugolini, L.;Pagnotta, E.;Lazzeri, L.. And the article was included in Industrial Crops and Products in 2018.Application of 2253-73-8 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Herbicide resistance has become an increasing problem, and at the same time pesticide usage is declining due to stringent EU pesticide legislation which aims to reduce the impact on environment and human health. For these reasons, new alternative integrated weed management approaches are becoming increasingly relevant. Formulations based on Brassica defatted seed meals (DSMs) and glycerin, have previously been shown to be effective in reducing the germination of lettuce seed. In this work five DSMs, formulated with and without crude glycerin, were chosen for in vitro and glasshouse experiments: (i) Brassica nigra, (ii) Brassica tournefortii, (iii) Eruca sativa, (iv) Rapistrum rugosum and (v) Sinapis alba. Black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides), a weed demonstrating extensive herbicide resistance, was used as a target, and the germination inhibition caused on this weed by Brassica defatted seed meals was assessed. In both in vitro and in vivo experiments, the most effective DSM for inhibiting germination of both lettuce and black-grass seeds was the sinigrin containing DSM, Brassica nigra. The aim of the manuscript was to suggest a new high value application for Brassicas derived DSM as a co-products from the vegetable oil production chain. The proposed treatments could represent an interesting and 100% novel natural alternative to the conventional herbicides. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Isopropylisothiocyanate (cas: 2253-73-8Application of 2253-73-8).

Isopropylisothiocyanate (cas: 2253-73-8) belongs to esters. Carboxylic acid esters of low molecular weight are colourless, volatile liquids with pleasant odours, slightly soluble in water. Because of their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability, esters do not self-associate. Consequently, esters are more volatile than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.Application of 2253-73-8

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Comparative study of three Achillea essential oils from eastern part of Turkey and their biological activities was written by Demirci, Betul;Baser, K. Husnu Can;Aytac, Zeki;Khan, Shabana I.;Jacob, Melissa R.;Tabanca, Nurhayat. And the article was included in Records of Natural Products in 2018.Category: esters-buliding-blocks The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed both by gas chromatog. (GC) and gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main constituents found in Achillea oil were as follows: A. filipendulina Lam.: 43.8% santolina alc., 14.5% 1,8-cineole and 12.5% cis-chrysanthenyl acetate; A. magnifica Hiemerl ex Hub.-Mor.: 27.5% linalool, 5.8% spathulenol, 5.5% terpinen-4-ol, 4.7% α-terpineol and 4.7% β-eudesmol; A. tenuifolia Lam.: 12.4% artemisia ketone, 9.9% p-cymene, 7.1% camphor, 5.9% terpinen-4-ol, 4.7% caryophyllene oxide and 4.5% α-pinene. Furthermore, the Achillea essential oils were evaluated for antimalarial and antimicrobial activities. A. magnifica and A. filipendulina oils showed strong antimalarial activity against both chloroquine sensitive D6 (IC₅₀= 1.2 and 0.68 μg/mL) and chloroquine resistant W2 (IC₅₀= 1.1 and 0.9 μg/mL) strains of Plasmodium falciparum without any cytotoxicity to mammalian cells up to IC₅₀=47.6 μg/mL against Vero cells whereas A. tenuifolia oil showed no antimalarial activity up to a concentration of 20 mg/mL. All three Achillea oils showed no antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria up to a concentration of 200 μg/mL. A. tenuifolia and A. magnifica oils demonstrated mild antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans (IC₅₀= 45, 20 and 15 μg/mL, resp.). This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Methyl nonadecanoate (cas: 1731-94-8Category: esters-buliding-blocks).

Methyl nonadecanoate (cas: 1731-94-8) belongs to esters. Carboxylic acid esters of low molecular weight are colourless, volatile liquids with pleasant odours, slightly soluble in water. Liquid esters of low volatility serve as softening agents for resins and plastics. Esters also include many industrially important polymers. Polymethyl methacrylate is a glass substitute sold under the names Lucite and Plexiglas; polyethylene terephthalate is used as a film (Mylar) and as textile fibres sold as Terylene, Fortrel, and Dacron.Category: esters-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Synthesis of Cembranoid Analogues through Ring-Closing Metathesis of Terpenoid Precursors: A Challenge Regarding Ring-Size Selectivity was written by Heidt, Tanja;Baro, Angelika;Koehn, Andreas;Laschat, Sabine. And the article was included in Chemistry – A European Journal in 2015.Formula: C12H18O3 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

A systematic study on ring-closing metathesis with Grubbs II catalyst to cembranoid macrocycles is described. Acyclic terpenoids I [X = OTBS, H, OH, etc.; R = Me, Et, iPr, etc., R¹ = H, Me, Et, etc.] with a functional group X in the homoallylic position relative to an RCM active terminus and substituents R, R¹ directly attached to the other terminal double bond were prepared from geraniol derived trienes and fragments that are based on bromoalkenes and di-Me malonate. Such terpenoids were suitable precursors, despite the presence of competing double bonds in their framework. The size of R and R¹ is crucial for successful macrocyclization. Whereas small alkyl substituents at the double bond directed the RCM towards six-membered ring formation, cross metathesis leading to dimers dominated for bulkier alkyl groups. A similar result was obtained for precursors without functional group X. In the case of unsym. substituted terpenoid precursor I [R = Et, R¹ = Me] with homoallylic OTBS or OMe group, the RCM could be controlled towards formation of macrocyclic cembranoids, which were isolated with excellent E-selectivity. The role of the substituents was further studied by quantum chem. calculations of simplified model substrates. Based on these results a mechanistic rationale is proposed. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2E,6E)-3,7-Dimethyl-8-oxoocta-2,6-dien-1-yl acetate (cas: 37905-02-5Formula: C12H18O3).

(2E,6E)-3,7-Dimethyl-8-oxoocta-2,6-dien-1-yl acetate (cas: 37905-02-5) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Many esters have the potential for conformational isomerism, but they tend to adopt an s-cis (or Z) conformation rather than the s-trans (or E) alternative, due to a combination of hyperconjugation and dipole minimization effects. The preference for the Z conformation is influenced by the nature of the substituents and solvent, if present. Lactones with small rings are restricted to the s-trans (i.e. E) conformation due to their cyclic structure.Formula: C12H18O3

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics