What advice would you give a new faculty member or graduate student interested in a career 6H-Benzo[c]chromen-6-one

Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C13H8O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.. Category: esters-buliding-blocks

Recently I am researching about ACID; CHEMISTRY; OXIDATION; STRATEGY; SYSTEM, Saw an article supported by the School of Chemistry, Cardiff University; EUEuropean Commission; Welsh Government [663830]; International Collaborative Research Program of the Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University [2019-67]. Published in WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH in WEINHEIM ,Authors: Santi, M; Seitz, J; Cicala, R; Hardwick, T; Ahmed, N; Wirth, T. The CAS is 2005-10-9. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 6H-Benzo[c]chromen-6-one. Category: esters-buliding-blocks

Amino acid derivatives undergo non-Kolbe electrolysis to afford enantiomerically enriched alpha-alkoxyamino derivatives through intermediate chiral carbenium ions. The products contain N,O-acetals which are important structural motifs found in bioactive natural products. The reaction is performed in a continuous flow electrochemical reactor coupled to a 2D-HPLC for immediate online analysis. This allowed a fast screening of temperature, electrode material, current, flow-rate and concentration in a DoE approach. The combination with online HPLC demonstrates that also stereoselective reactions can benefit from a hugely accelerated optimisation by combining flow electrochemistry with multidimensional analysis.

Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C13H8O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.. Category: esters-buliding-blocks

Reference:
Article; Zhang, Jian; Shi, Dongdong; Zhang, Haifeng; Xu, Zheng; Bao, Hanyang; Jin, Hongwei; Liu, Yunkui; Tetrahedron; vol. 73; 2; (2017); p. 154 – 163;,
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Awesome and Easy Science Experiments about C13H8O2

Safety of 6H-Benzo[c]chromen-6-one. About 6H-Benzo[c]chromen-6-one, If you have any questions, you can contact Xu, P; Lopez-Rojas, P; Ritter, T or concate me.

Safety of 6H-Benzo[c]chromen-6-one. Authors Xu, P; Lopez-Rojas, P; Ritter, T in AMER CHEMICAL SOC published article about in [Xu, Peng; Lopez-Rojas, Priscila; Ritter, Tobias] Max Planck Inst Kohlenforsch, D-45470 Mulheim, Germany in 2021.0, Cited 49.0. The Name is 6H-Benzo[c]chromen-6-one. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 2005-10-9

Abundant aromatic carboxylic acids exist in great structural diversity from nature and synthesis. To date, the synthetically valuable decarboxylative functionalization of benzoic acids is realized mainly by transition-metal-catalyzed decarboxylative cross couplings. However, the high activation barrier for thermal decarboxylative carbometalation that often requires 140 degrees C reaction temperature limits both the substrate scope as well as the scope of suitable reactions that can sustain such conditions. Numerous reactions, for example, decarboxylative fluorination that is well developed for aliphatic carboxylic acids, are out of reach for the aromatic counterparts with current reaction chemistry. Here, we report a conceptually different approach through a low-barrier photoinduced ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT)-enabled radical decarboxylative carbometalation strategy, which generates a putative high-valent arylcopper(III) complex, from which versatile facile reductive eliminations can occur. We demonstrate the suitability of our new approach to address previously unrealized general decarboxylative fluorination of benzoic acids.

Safety of 6H-Benzo[c]chromen-6-one. About 6H-Benzo[c]chromen-6-one, If you have any questions, you can contact Xu, P; Lopez-Rojas, P; Ritter, T or concate me.

Reference:
Article; Zhang, Jian; Shi, Dongdong; Zhang, Haifeng; Xu, Zheng; Bao, Hanyang; Jin, Hongwei; Liu, Yunkui; Tetrahedron; vol. 73; 2; (2017); p. 154 – 163;,
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Archives for Chemistry Experiments of Methyl 3-phenyl-2-propenoate

Welcome to talk about 103-26-4, If you have any questions, you can contact Kielmann, M; Flanagan, KJ; Senge, MO or send Email.. Recommanded Product: 103-26-4

An article Targeted Synthesis of Regioisomerically Pure Dodecasubstituted Type I Porphyrins through the Exploitation of Peri-interactions WOS:000538764000077 published article about CONFORMATIONAL CONTROL; DISTORTION; ISOMERS in [Kielmann, Marc; Flanagan, Keith J.; Senge, Mathias O.] Univ Dublin, Trinity Coll Dublin, Sch Chem, Trinity Biomed Sci Inst,SFI Tetrapyrrole Lab, Dublin 2, Ireland in 2020.0, Cited 45.0. The Name is Methyl 3-phenyl-2-propenoate. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 103-26-4. Recommanded Product: 103-26-4

A targeted synthesis of dodecasubstituted type I porphyrins that utilizes the reaction of unsymmetrical 3,4-difunctionalized pyrroles and sterically demanding aldehydes was developed. This way, type I porphyrins could be obtained as the only type isomers, likely due to a minimization of the steric strain arising from peri-interactions. Uniquely, this method does not depend on lengthy precursor syntheses, the separation of isomers, or impractical limitations of the scale. In addition, single-crystal X-ray analysis was used to elucidate the structural features of the macrocycles.

Welcome to talk about 103-26-4, If you have any questions, you can contact Kielmann, M; Flanagan, KJ; Senge, MO or send Email.. Recommanded Product: 103-26-4

Reference:
Article; Weng, Shiue-Shien; Ke, Chih-Shueh; Chen, Fong-Kuang; Lyu, You-Fu; Lin, Guan-Ying; Tetrahedron; vol. 67; 9; (2011); p. 1640 – 1648;,
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Discover the magic of the C13H8O2

Computed Properties of C13H8O2. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C13H8O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

An article FACILE PREPARATION OF 3,4-BENZOCOUMARINS FROM 2-ARYLBENZOIC ACIDS WITH NCS AND NaI WOS:000573109600003 published article about O BOND FORMATION; CARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; BENZOCOUMARINS; LACTONIZATION; CYCLIZATION; ACCESS; NIS in [Nakamura, Momoko; Togo, Hideo] Chiba Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Inage Ku, Yayoi Cho 1-33, Chiba 2638522, Japan in 2020.0, Cited 31.0. Computed Properties of C13H8O2. The Name is 6H-Benzo[c]chromen-6-one. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 2005-10-9

Treatment of 2-arylbenzoic acids with N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) and NaI at 70 degrees C under fluorescent lighting condition gave the corresponding 3,4-benzocoumarins in good yields under transition-metal-free condition. It was found that the reactivity of NCS with NaI for the formation of 3,4-benzocoumarins from 2-arylbenzoic acids was as high as that with NIS. Thus, the formation of carboxyl radicals and their cyclization onto an aromatic ring from 2-arylbenzoic acids with much less expensive NCS and NaI, than NIS could be successfully carried out to form 3,4-benzocoumarins.

Computed Properties of C13H8O2. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C13H8O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

Reference:
Article; Zhang, Jian; Shi, Dongdong; Zhang, Haifeng; Xu, Zheng; Bao, Hanyang; Jin, Hongwei; Liu, Yunkui; Tetrahedron; vol. 73; 2; (2017); p. 154 – 163;,
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Now Is The Time For You To Know The Truth About 2005-10-9

Category: esters-buliding-blocks. Welcome to talk about 2005-10-9, If you have any questions, you can contact Santi, M; Seitz, J; Cicala, R; Hardwick, T; Ahmed, N; Wirth, T or send Email.

Category: esters-buliding-blocks. Recently I am researching about ACID; CHEMISTRY; OXIDATION; STRATEGY; SYSTEM, Saw an article supported by the School of Chemistry, Cardiff University; EUEuropean Commission; Welsh Government [663830]; International Collaborative Research Program of the Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University [2019-67]. Published in WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH in WEINHEIM ,Authors: Santi, M; Seitz, J; Cicala, R; Hardwick, T; Ahmed, N; Wirth, T. The CAS is 2005-10-9. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 6H-Benzo[c]chromen-6-one

Amino acid derivatives undergo non-Kolbe electrolysis to afford enantiomerically enriched alpha-alkoxyamino derivatives through intermediate chiral carbenium ions. The products contain N,O-acetals which are important structural motifs found in bioactive natural products. The reaction is performed in a continuous flow electrochemical reactor coupled to a 2D-HPLC for immediate online analysis. This allowed a fast screening of temperature, electrode material, current, flow-rate and concentration in a DoE approach. The combination with online HPLC demonstrates that also stereoselective reactions can benefit from a hugely accelerated optimisation by combining flow electrochemistry with multidimensional analysis.

Category: esters-buliding-blocks. Welcome to talk about 2005-10-9, If you have any questions, you can contact Santi, M; Seitz, J; Cicala, R; Hardwick, T; Ahmed, N; Wirth, T or send Email.

Reference:
Article; Zhang, Jian; Shi, Dongdong; Zhang, Haifeng; Xu, Zheng; Bao, Hanyang; Jin, Hongwei; Liu, Yunkui; Tetrahedron; vol. 73; 2; (2017); p. 154 – 163;,
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Get Up to Speed Quickly on Emerging Topics:C10H10O2

Welcome to talk about 103-26-4, If you have any questions, you can contact Vo, HNP; Ngo, HH; Guo, WS; Nguyen, KH; Chang, SW; Nguyen, DD; Liu, YW; Liu, Y; Ding, A; Bui, XT or send Email.. COA of Formula: C10H10O2

An article Micropollutants cometabolism of microalgae for wastewater remediation: Effect of carbon sources to cometabolism and degradation products WOS:000572151800005 published article about PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS; BISPHENOL-A; CHLAMYDOMONAS-MEXICANA; MIXOTROPHIC GROWTH; REMOVAL; BIODEGRADATION; METABOLISM; PEROXIDASE; POLLUTANTS; PHARMACEUTICALS in [Hoang Nhat Phong Vo; Huu Hao Ngo; Guo, Wenshan; Liu, Yiwen] Univ Technol Sydney, Ctr Technol Water & Wastewater, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; [Khanh Hoang Nguyen] Tech Univ Denmark, Natl Food Inst, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark; [Chang, Soon Woong; Dinh Duc Nguyen] Kyonggi Univ, Dept Environm Energy Engn, Suwon 442760, South Korea; [Dinh Duc Nguyen] Duy Tan Univ, Inst Res & Dev, Da Nang, Vietnam; [Liu, Yi] Fudan Univ, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, 2205 Songhu Rd, Shanghai 200438, Peoples R China; [Ding, An] Harbin Inst Technol, State Key Lab Urban Water Resource & Environm, Harbin 150090, Peoples R China; [Xuan Thanh Bui] Univ Technol, Vietnam Natl Univ Ho Chi Minh, Fac Environm & Nat Resources, 268 Ly Thuong Kiet St,Dist 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam in 2020.0, Cited 54.0. The Name is Methyl 3-phenyl-2-propenoate. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 103-26-4. COA of Formula: C10H10O2

This study investigated the impacts of selective sole carbon source-induced micropollutants (MPs) cometabolism of Chlorella sp. by: (i) extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), superoxide dismutase and peroxidase enzyme production; (ii) MPs removal efficiency and cometabolism rate; (iii) MPs’ potential degradation products identification; and (iv) degradation pathways and validation using the Eawag database to differentiate the cometabolism of Chlorella sp. with other microbes. Adding the sole carbon sources in the presence of MPs increased EPS and enzyme concentrations from 2 to 100-fold in comparison with only sole carbon sources. This confirmed that MPs cometabolism had occurred. The removal efficiencies of tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and bisphenol A ranged from 16-99%, 32-92%, and 58-99%, respectively. By increasing EPS and enzyme activity, the MPs concentrations accumulated in microalgae cells also fell 400-fold. The cometabolism process resulted in several degradation products of MPs. This study drew an insightful understanding of cometabolism for MPs remediation in wastewater. Based on the results, proper carbon sources for microalgae can be selected for practical applications to remediate MPs in wastewater while simultaneously recovering biomass for several industries and gaining revenue. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Welcome to talk about 103-26-4, If you have any questions, you can contact Vo, HNP; Ngo, HH; Guo, WS; Nguyen, KH; Chang, SW; Nguyen, DD; Liu, YW; Liu, Y; Ding, A; Bui, XT or send Email.. COA of Formula: C10H10O2

Reference:
Article; Weng, Shiue-Shien; Ke, Chih-Shueh; Chen, Fong-Kuang; Lyu, You-Fu; Lin, Guan-Ying; Tetrahedron; vol. 67; 9; (2011); p. 1640 – 1648;,
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

An overview of features, applications of compound:2005-10-9

Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C13H8O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.. COA of Formula: C13H8O2

I found the field of Chemistry very interesting. Saw the article Cerium(IV) Carboxylate Photocatalyst for Catalytic Radical Formation from Carboxylic Acids: Decarboxylative Oxygenation of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids and Lactonization of Aromatic Carboxylic Acids published in 2020.0. COA of Formula: C13H8O2, Reprint Addresses Tsurugi, H; Mashima, K (corresponding author), Osaka Univ, Grad Sch Engn Sci, Dept Chem, Toyonaka, Osaka 5608531, Japan.; Satoh, T (corresponding author), Osaka City Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Chem, Osaka 5588585, Japan.. The CAS is 2005-10-9. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 6H-Benzo[c]chromen-6-one

We found that in situ generated cerium(IV) carboxylate generated by mixing the precursor Ce((OBu)-Bu-t)(4) with the corresponding carboxylic acids served as efficient photocatalysts for the direct formation of carboxyl radicals from carboxylic acids under blue light-emitting diodes (blue LEDs) irradiation and air, resulting in catalytic decarboxylative oxygenation of aliphatic carboxylic acids to give C-O bond-forming products such as aldehydes and ketones. Control experiments revealed that hexanuclear Ce(IV) carboxylate clusters initially formed in the reaction mixture and the ligand-to-metal charge transfer nature of the Ce(IV) carboxylate clusters was responsible for the high catalytic performance to transform the carboxylate ligands to the carboxyl radical. In addition, the Ce(IV) carboxylate cluster catalyzed direct lactonization of 2-isopropylbenzoic acid to produce the corresponding peroxy lactone and gamma-lactone via intramolecular 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (1,5-HAT).

Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C13H8O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.. COA of Formula: C13H8O2

Reference:
Article; Zhang, Jian; Shi, Dongdong; Zhang, Haifeng; Xu, Zheng; Bao, Hanyang; Jin, Hongwei; Liu, Yunkui; Tetrahedron; vol. 73; 2; (2017); p. 154 – 163;,
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Properties and Exciting Facts About 6H-Benzo[c]chromen-6-one

Welcome to talk about 2005-10-9, If you have any questions, you can contact Meyer, SM; Charlesworth-Seiler, EM; Patrow, JG; Kitzrow, JP; Gerlach, DL; Reinheimer, EW; Dahl, BJ or send Email.. COA of Formula: C13H8O2

An article Synthesis and optical properties of a library of multi-colored isomeric aryldibenzopyrylium halochromic cations WOS:000534460400006 published article about ELECTRON-TRANSFER; HYDRIDE; IONS; DYES; AGGREGATION; REDUCTION; ROSAMINE; PROTON in [Meyer, Samantha M.; Charlesworth-Seiler, Eva M.; Patrow, Joel G.; Kitzrow, Jonathan P.; Gerlach, Deidra L.; Dahl, Bart J.] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem, Eau Claire, WI 54702 USA; [Reinheimer, Eric W.] Rigaku Amer Corp, 9009 New Trails Dr, The Woodlands, TX 77381 USA in 2020.0, Cited 40.0. COA of Formula: C13H8O2. The Name is 6H-Benzo[c]chromen-6-one. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 2005-10-9

This report describes the synthesis of five new colorful 6-aryldibenzo[b,d]pyrylium cation salts, a largely unexplored structural unit. These rare compounds are benzannulated structural derivatives of the well-known flavylium cations found widespread in natural pigments. These new dyes are directly compared to three previously synthesized 6-aryldibenzo[b,d]pyrylium cation salts as well as eight colorful isomeric 9-aryldibenzo[b,d]pyrylium cation, or 9-arylxanthylium, salts. The 9-arylxanthylium unit is commonly found in the biologically important rhodamine and rosamine dyes, yet six of the analogs presented in this study were either previously unreported or not isolated. The visual and spectroscopic properties of all 16 compounds were analyzed as a function of the structural differences between the compounds. All compounds displayed reversible halochromism in organic solution, displaying bright colors under acidic conditions and becoming colorless under basic conditions. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Welcome to talk about 2005-10-9, If you have any questions, you can contact Meyer, SM; Charlesworth-Seiler, EM; Patrow, JG; Kitzrow, JP; Gerlach, DL; Reinheimer, EW; Dahl, BJ or send Email.. COA of Formula: C13H8O2

Reference:
Article; Zhang, Jian; Shi, Dongdong; Zhang, Haifeng; Xu, Zheng; Bao, Hanyang; Jin, Hongwei; Liu, Yunkui; Tetrahedron; vol. 73; 2; (2017); p. 154 – 163;,
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Something interesting about 103-26-4

Formula: C10H10O2. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C10H10O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

Formula: C10H10O2. In 2019.0 CHEM SCI published article about Z-X-X; NUCLEOPHILIC-SUBSTITUTION; SYNTHETIC METHODS; UNACTIVATED SECONDARY; ALCOHOLS; DISULFIDES; CHLORIDES; BROMIDES; COMPLEX; REAGENT in [Canestrari, Daniele; Cioffi, Caterina; Biancofiore, Ilaria; Lancianesi, Stefano; Ghisu, Lorenza; Adamo, Mauro F. A.; Ibrahim, Hasim] Royal Coll Surgeons Ireland, CSCB, Dept Chem, 123 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; [Biancofiore, Ilaria] IRBM Sci Pk SpA, Dept Med Chem, Via Pontina 30-600, I-00071 Pomezia, RM, Italy; [Ruether, Manuel; O’Brien, John] Univ Dublin, Trinity Coll, Sch Chem, Trinity Biomed Sci Inst, Dublin 2, Ireland in 2019.0, Cited 72.0. The Name is Methyl 3-phenyl-2-propenoate. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 103-26-4.

A conceptionally novel nucleophilic substitution approach to synthetically important alkyl bromides is presented. Using molecular bromine (Br-2), readily available secondary benzyl and tertiary alkyl phenyl sulphides are converted into the corresponding bromides under exceptionally mild, acid- and base-free reaction conditions. This simple transformation allows the isolation of elimination sensitive benzylic beta-bromo carbonyl and nitrile compounds in mostly high yields and purities. Remarkably, protic functionalities such as acids and alcohols are tolerated. Enantioenriched benzylic beta-sulphido esters, readily prepared by asymmetric sulpha-Michael addition, produce the corresponding inverted bromides with high stereoselectivities, approaching complete enantiospecificity at -40 degrees C. Significantly, the reported benzylic beta-bromo esters can be stored without racemisation for prolonged periods at -20 degrees C. Their synthetic potential was demonstrated by the one-pot preparation of gamma-azido alcohol (S)-5 in 90% ee. NMR studies revealed an initial formation of a sulphide bromine adduct, which in turn is in equilibrium with a postulated dibromosulphurane intermediate that undergoes C-Br bond formation.

Formula: C10H10O2. Bye, fridends, I hope you can learn more about C10H10O2, If you have any questions, you can browse other blog as well. See you lster.

Reference:
Article; Weng, Shiue-Shien; Ke, Chih-Shueh; Chen, Fong-Kuang; Lyu, You-Fu; Lin, Guan-Ying; Tetrahedron; vol. 67; 9; (2011); p. 1640 – 1648;,
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Extended knowledge of C10H10O2

COA of Formula: C10H10O2. Welcome to talk about 103-26-4, If you have any questions, you can contact Gong, WC; Xu, SJ; Liu, YH; Wang, CM; Martin, K; Meng, LZ or send Email.

COA of Formula: C10H10O2. In 2019.0 BIOCHEM SYST ECOL published article about FLOWER COLOR; POLLINATION SYNDROMES; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; DECEPTIVE ORCHID; FRAGRANCE; SELECTION; BIOCHEMISTRY; POLYMORPHISM; POPULATION; CHEMISTRY in [Gong, Wei-Chang; Xu, Shi-Juan; Liu, Yan-Hong; Wang, Chuan-Ming; Meng, Ling-Zeng] Honghe Univ, Coll Life Sci & Technol, Xuefu Rd, Mengzi 661199, Yunnan, Peoples R China; [Meng, Ling-Zeng] Chinese Acad Sci, Xishuangbanna Trop Bot Garden, Mengla 666303, Yunnan, Peoples R China; [Martin, Konrad; Meng, Ling-Zeng] Univ Hohenheim, Inst Agr Sci Trop, Hans Ruthenberg Inst, 490f, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany in 2019.0, Cited 51.0. The Name is Methyl 3-phenyl-2-propenoate. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 103-26-4.

The floral scents of three forms of cultivated Plumeria rubra L. were evaluated through mass flowering phenology using the dynamic headspace adsorption method and were identified with coupled gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The forms P. rubra f. acutifolia and P. rubra f. lutea had white and yellow flower petals, respectively, and the flower petals of P. rubra f. rubra were red. Although 68 components of the flower scents of the three forms were recorded in different proportions, only 14 chemical compounds were identified with statistically significance. The main volatile compounds in the red form of P. rubra L. were fatty acid derivatives (56.75%). The main compounds in the white and yellow forms of P. rubra L. were benzenoid and terpene, with proportions of 48.38% and 33.33% in P. rubra f. acutifolia and proportions of 42.30% and 47.43% in P. rubra f. lutea, respectively. These differences in the flower scents might be one result of the minor genetic differences between these forms, similar to the role of genetic differences in the flower color combinations of the three forms. We conclude that petal color traits can, to some extent, reflect differences in floral scent compositions and that minor genetic differences of different plant forms exert impacts not only on flower color but also on the phytochemistry of floral scents.

COA of Formula: C10H10O2. Welcome to talk about 103-26-4, If you have any questions, you can contact Gong, WC; Xu, SJ; Liu, YH; Wang, CM; Martin, K; Meng, LZ or send Email.

Reference:
Article; Weng, Shiue-Shien; Ke, Chih-Shueh; Chen, Fong-Kuang; Lyu, You-Fu; Lin, Guan-Ying; Tetrahedron; vol. 67; 9; (2011); p. 1640 – 1648;,
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics