Abdel Karim, M. et al. published their research in Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal in 2020 | CAS: 1731-94-8

Methyl nonadecanoate (cas: 1731-94-8) belongs to esters. Volatile esters with characteristic odours are used in synthetic flavours, perfumes, and cosmetics. Certain volatile esters are used as solvents for lacquers, paints, and varnishes. Esters are more polar than ethers but less polar than alcohols. They participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding confers some water-solubility.Electric Literature of C20H40O2

GC-MS analysis and antimicrobial activity of Sudanese Acacia polyacantha Willd. (Fabaceae) seed oil was written by Abdel Karim, M.;Afaf, I. G.;Mayada, E.;Um-Alhasan, T.. And the article was included in Pharmaceutical and Chemical Journal in 2020.Electric Literature of C20H40O2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The present study was carried out to characterize the constituents of Acacia polycantha seed oil and to assess its antimicrobial activity. Thirty two components were detected by GC-MS anal. being dominated by: 9,12-octadecadienoic acid Me ester (27.95%), Me stearate (17.13%), hexadecanoic acid Me ester (13.30%), 9-octadecanoic acid(Z) Me ester (9.57%). The antimicrobial activity of the oil was evaluated using the diffusion assay against: Gram pos.: Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis; Gram neg.: Escherichia coli and Pseudomonasa aeruginosa and the yeast Candida albicans. The oil showed moderate activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. However, it failed to exhibit activity against other test organisms. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Methyl nonadecanoate (cas: 1731-94-8Electric Literature of C20H40O2).

Methyl nonadecanoate (cas: 1731-94-8) belongs to esters. Volatile esters with characteristic odours are used in synthetic flavours, perfumes, and cosmetics. Certain volatile esters are used as solvents for lacquers, paints, and varnishes. Esters are more polar than ethers but less polar than alcohols. They participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding confers some water-solubility.Electric Literature of C20H40O2

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Fu, Xiaozhong et al. published their research in Guiyang Yixueyuan Xuebao in 2012 | CAS: 5003-48-5

4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate (cas: 5003-48-5) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides alcoholysis is another way to produce esters. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with alcohols to produce esters. Anydrous conditions are recommended since both acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with water.Reference of 5003-48-5

Improvement of synthetic process of benorilate was written by Fu, Xiaozhong;Li, Ling;Rao, Guangling;Tang, Lei;Dong, Yongxi. And the article was included in Guiyang Yixueyuan Xuebao in 2012.Reference of 5003-48-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Objective: To optimize the synthetic process of benorilate, and to obtain better exptl. teaching effect. Methods: The oxalyl chloride and DMF were used to substitute thionyl chloride and pyridine, and the reaction temperature and acetylsalicyloyl chloride distillation temperature were changed to observe the effect on the yield and quality of benorilate. Results: The oxalyl chloride and DMF reaction was rapid, the reaction condition was mild, and the yield was high. The product quality could be improved by reducing the reaction temperature and acetylsalicyloyl chloride distillation temperature Conclusion: The improved method can reduce drug dosage, experiment time and energy consumption and improve the yield and quality of the product. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate (cas: 5003-48-5Reference of 5003-48-5).

4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate (cas: 5003-48-5) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides alcoholysis is another way to produce esters. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with alcohols to produce esters. Anydrous conditions are recommended since both acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with water.Reference of 5003-48-5

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Dong, Xiaowu et al. published their research in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry in 2008 | CAS: 5003-48-5

4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate (cas: 5003-48-5) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Cyclic esters are called lactones, regardless of whether they are derived from an organic or inorganic acid. One example of an organic lactone is γ-valerolactone.Computed Properties of C17H15NO5

Identification of SVM-based classification model, synthesis and evaluation of prenylated flavonoids as vasorelaxant agents was written by Dong, Xiaowu;Liu, Yujie;Yan, Jingying;Jiang, Chaoyi;Chen, Jing;Liu, Tao;Hu, Yongzhou. And the article was included in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry in 2008.Computed Properties of C17H15NO5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Support vector machine (SVM) was applied to predict vasorelaxation effect of different structural mols. A good classification model had been established, and the accuracy in prediction for the training, test, and overall datasets was 93.0%, 82.6%, and 89.5%, resp. Furthermore, the model was used to predict the activity of a series of prenylated flavonoids. According to the estimated result, eleven mols. 1-11 were selected and synthesized. Their vasodilatory activities were determined exptl. in rat aorta rings that were pretreated with phenylephrine (PE). Structure-activity relationship (SAR) anal. revealed that flavanone derivatives showed the most potent activities, while flavone and chalcone derivatives exhibited medium activities. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate (cas: 5003-48-5Computed Properties of C17H15NO5).

4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate (cas: 5003-48-5) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Cyclic esters are called lactones, regardless of whether they are derived from an organic or inorganic acid. One example of an organic lactone is γ-valerolactone.Computed Properties of C17H15NO5

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

van Hille, Rob et al. published their research in Construction and Building Materials in 2016 | CAS: 1731-94-8

Methyl nonadecanoate (cas: 1731-94-8) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Cyclic esters are called lactones, regardless of whether they are derived from an organic or inorganic acid. One example of an organic lactone is γ-valerolactone.COA of Formula: C20H40O2

Application and verification of direct transesterification as a method to quantify fatty acids in cement and concrete was written by van Hille, Rob;Griffiths, Melinda. And the article was included in Construction and Building Materials in 2016.COA of Formula: C20H40O2 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Fatty acids are increasingly being evaluated as phase change materials to enhance thermal regulation in buildings and as hydrophobic admixtures to reduce water ingress into concrete. This paper describes the development of a method for the rapid and accurate quantification of fatty acids in cement and concrete. The method is based on direct (in situ) transesterification of fatty acids into fatty acid Me esters and their subsequent extraction in a single step, followed by quantification by gas chromatog. The method was validated using cement treated with olive oil and milk and showed a proportional relationship between dosing and fatty acids quantified. This method provides an accurate alternative to existing qual. procedures. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Methyl nonadecanoate (cas: 1731-94-8COA of Formula: C20H40O2).

Methyl nonadecanoate (cas: 1731-94-8) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Cyclic esters are called lactones, regardless of whether they are derived from an organic or inorganic acid. One example of an organic lactone is γ-valerolactone.COA of Formula: C20H40O2

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Cailleux, P. et al. published their research in Therapie in 1979 | CAS: 5003-48-5

4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate (cas: 5003-48-5) belongs to esters. Esters are also usually derived from carboxylic acids. It may also be obtained by reaction of acid anhydride or acid halides with alcohols or by the reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides. Esters contain a carbonyl center, which gives rise to 120° C–C–O and O–C–O angles. Unlike amides, esters are structurally flexible functional groups because rotation about the C–O–C bonds has a low barrier. Their flexibility and low polarity is manifested in their physical properties; they tend to be less rigid (lower melting point) and more volatile (lower boiling point) than the corresponding amides. Application of 5003-48-5

Study on plasma levels of benorylate and its metabolites in man following single- and repeated administration was written by Cailleux, P.;Cailleux, A.;Allain, P.;Renier, J. C.. And the article was included in Therapie in 1979.Application of 5003-48-5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

After administration of benorylate (I) [5003-48-5] (4 g, orally, once or 3 g, orally, twice/day) to healthy individuals, only I metabolites salicylic acid [69-72-7] and paracetamol [103-90-2] were determined in blood plasma. I was not found even though the sensitivity of the method used was 0.1 mg/L. Great intersubject variations in plasma levels and half-life values for I metabolites were observed both after single and double dose of I. After 1 dose of I, plasma levels of the metabolites varied from 14-74 mg/L and 1.8-9.8 mg/L, and individual half-life varied 10-20 h and 6-47 h for salicylic acid and paracetamol, resp. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate (cas: 5003-48-5Application of 5003-48-5).

4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate (cas: 5003-48-5) belongs to esters. Esters are also usually derived from carboxylic acids. It may also be obtained by reaction of acid anhydride or acid halides with alcohols or by the reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides. Esters contain a carbonyl center, which gives rise to 120° C–C–O and O–C–O angles. Unlike amides, esters are structurally flexible functional groups because rotation about the C–O–C bonds has a low barrier. Their flexibility and low polarity is manifested in their physical properties; they tend to be less rigid (lower melting point) and more volatile (lower boiling point) than the corresponding amides. Application of 5003-48-5

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Chen, Qi-xu et al. published their research in Zhejiang Huagong in 2021 | CAS: 5003-48-5

4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate (cas: 5003-48-5) belongs to esters. Esters are also usually derived from carboxylic acids. It may also be obtained by reaction of acid anhydride or acid halides with alcohols or by the reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides. Many esters have the potential for conformational isomerism, but they tend to adopt an s-cis (or Z) conformation rather than the s-trans (or E) alternative, due to a combination of hyperconjugation and dipole minimization effects. The preference for the Z conformation is influenced by the nature of the substituents and solvent, if present. Lactones with small rings are restricted to the s-trans (i.e. E) conformation due to their cyclic structure.Name: 4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate

Improved synthesis method of benorilate was written by Chen, Qi-xu;Zhang, Yong-chun;Ren, Ji-bo;Cao, Zhi-chao;Liu, Sheng-wei;Song, Zi-long;Qi, Qi;Wang, Ming-jun;Yuan, Wen-peng. And the article was included in Zhejiang Huagong in 2021.Name: 4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Benorilate is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic. Benorilate is widely used clin. because of its low irritation to the gastrointestinal tract, low toxicity and long action time. The existing synthesis method uses thionyl chloride/pyridine as the chlorination reagent, which has problems such as large pungent odor, complicated equipment and environmental pollution. By improving and optimizing the synthesis method, using Vilsmeier reagent/triethylamine as the chlorination reagent and DMF as the reaction solvent, the total yield of the reaction could reach 80.4%. The improved method has mild reaction conditions, low odor, simple equipment, less waste water and waste gas, and good product properties. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate (cas: 5003-48-5Name: 4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate).

4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate (cas: 5003-48-5) belongs to esters. Esters are also usually derived from carboxylic acids. It may also be obtained by reaction of acid anhydride or acid halides with alcohols or by the reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides. Many esters have the potential for conformational isomerism, but they tend to adopt an s-cis (or Z) conformation rather than the s-trans (or E) alternative, due to a combination of hyperconjugation and dipole minimization effects. The preference for the Z conformation is influenced by the nature of the substituents and solvent, if present. Lactones with small rings are restricted to the s-trans (i.e. E) conformation due to their cyclic structure.Name: 4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Tranova, Lenka et al. published their research in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2021 | CAS: 604-69-3

(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 604-69-3) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Because of their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability, esters do not self-associate. Consequently, esters are more volatile than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.Reference of 604-69-3

Study of the N7 Regioselective Glycosylation of 6-Chloropurine and 2,6-Dichloropurine with Tin and Titanium Tetrachloride was written by Tranova, Lenka;Styskala, Jakub. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2021.Reference of 604-69-3 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

6-Chloropurine and 2,6-dichloropurine were regioselectively glycosylated at position 7 to give the corresponding peracetylated N7-nucleosides, which can be suitable for other purine transformations. In this work, we study the distribution of N7/N9-isomers produced via the Vorbruggen method under different conditions, using an N-trimethylsilylated purine derivative and SnCl4 or TiCl4 as a catalyst. The main effort is devoted to reversing the disadvantageous predominant selectivity of most glycosylation reactions at the N9 position and thus to determining conditions that maximize the regioselectivity of glycosylation toward the desired N7-isomer. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 604-69-3Reference of 604-69-3).

(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 604-69-3) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Because of their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability, esters do not self-associate. Consequently, esters are more volatile than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.Reference of 604-69-3

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

El-Sayed, Amira A. et al. published their research in Molecules in 2019 | CAS: 604-69-3

(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 604-69-3) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Esters contain a carbonyl center, which gives rise to 120° C–C–O and O–C–O angles. Unlike amides, esters are structurally flexible functional groups because rotation about the C–O–C bonds has a low barrier. Their flexibility and low polarity is manifested in their physical properties; they tend to be less rigid (lower melting point) and more volatile (lower boiling point) than the corresponding amides. Computed Properties of C16H22O11

Synthesis, antiproliferative, and antioxidant evaluation of 2-pentylquinazolin-4(3H)-one(thione) derivatives with DFT study was written by El-Sayed, Amira A.;Ismail, Mahmoud F.;Amr, Abd El-Galil E.;Naglah, Ahmed M.. And the article was included in Molecules in 2019.Computed Properties of C16H22O11 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The antiproliferative and antioxidant activities of some novel 2-pentylquinazolin-4(3H)-one(thione) derivatives I [R1 = H, NH2, CH2CH2OH, etc.; X = O, S]. Antiproliferative (against two cell lines namely, HepG2 and MCF-7) and antioxidant (by two methods; ABTS and DPPH) activities of the compounds were investigated and among them derivatives I [R1 = H, NH2; X = S] exhibited excellent potencies comparable to quinazolinone derivatives [R1 = H, NH2; X = O], resp. Noteworthy, most of antiproliferative and antioxidant activities results for the tested compounds were consistent with the DFT calculations This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 604-69-3Computed Properties of C16H22O11).

(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 604-69-3) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Esters contain a carbonyl center, which gives rise to 120° C–C–O and O–C–O angles. Unlike amides, esters are structurally flexible functional groups because rotation about the C–O–C bonds has a low barrier. Their flexibility and low polarity is manifested in their physical properties; they tend to be less rigid (lower melting point) and more volatile (lower boiling point) than the corresponding amides. Computed Properties of C16H22O11

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Song, Injae et al. published their research in Journal of Natural Products in 2021 | CAS: 604-69-3

(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 604-69-3) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides alcoholysis is another way to produce esters. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with alcohols to produce esters. Anydrous conditions are recommended since both acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with water.SDS of cas: 604-69-3

First Total Synthesis of Gaylussacin and Its Stilbene Derivatives was written by Song, Injae;Lim, Hyewon;Chun, Simin;Lee, Seok Beom;Huh, Jungmoo;Oh, Dong-Chan;Hong, Suckchang. And the article was included in Journal of Natural Products in 2021.SDS of cas: 604-69-3 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

Gaylussacin, a stilbene glucoside, has been isolated from Pentarhizidium oriental and is used in Korean folk medicine. Although it was first isolated in 1972, the synthesis of gaylussacin has never been reported. Herein, we report the first total synthesis of gaylussacin in six steps with an overall yield of 23.8%, as well as the synthesis of its derivatives Structurally, gaylussacin contains a carboxylic acid and a glycoside along with a free phenol on the same benzene ring, making selective functionalization for the synthesis of gaylussacin difficult. Heck cross-coupling was employed as a key step to introduce the stilbene moiety. Glycosylation followed by global deprotection provided natural product gaylussacin. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 604-69-3SDS of cas: 604-69-3).

(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 604-69-3) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides alcoholysis is another way to produce esters. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with alcohols to produce esters. Anydrous conditions are recommended since both acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with water.SDS of cas: 604-69-3

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Wang, Jue et al. published their research in Chinese Chemical Letters in 2019 | CAS: 604-69-3

(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 604-69-3) belongs to esters. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Because of their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability, esters do not self-associate. Consequently, esters are more volatile than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.Application of 604-69-3

The effect of monosaccharides on self-assembly of benzenetricarboxamides was written by Wang, Jue;Qi, Wenjing;Chen, Guosong. And the article was included in Chinese Chemical Letters in 2019.Application of 604-69-3 The following contents are mentioned in the article:

The interaction between monosaccharides exhibits an important role in the assembly of monosaccharide-containing mols. In this work, three common monosaccharides, glucose, galactose and mannose, are employed to investigate the effect of monosaccharide on the self-assembly of benzenetricarboxamide (BTA) core-containing mols. In the presence of monosaccharides, three benzenetricarboxamide derivatives aggregate into different ordered structures. When alanine linkers are introduced to these mols. between the core and the monosacchride, morphologies of three types of monosaccharide BTAs turned to disordered, meanwhile their structures become similar with the increase of the length of alanine linkers, indicating the disappearance of the monosaccharide effects. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as (2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 604-69-3Application of 604-69-3).

(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 604-69-3) belongs to esters. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Because of their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability, esters do not self-associate. Consequently, esters are more volatile than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.Application of 604-69-3

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics