Tag: 300-400

Occurrence, spatial distribution and risk assessment of high concern endocrine-disrupting chemicals in Jiangsu Province, China was written by Fan, Deling;Yin, Wei;Gu, Wen;Liu, Mingqing;Liu, Jining;Wang, Zhen;Shi, Lili. And the article was included in Chemosphere in 2021.Safety of Dicyclohexyl phthalate This article mentions the following:

Endocrine-disrupting chems. (EDCs) have attracted much concern because of the environmental and health risks they pose. Here we used liquid chromatog. coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry to quantify 10 types of EDCs at 118 sampling sites in Jiangsu Province, China, and then evaluated their resp. environmental risk using a conservative risk quotient method. The results show that, in surface water, the targeted nonylphenol (NP), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP), and (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) were ranked highest, having mean concentrations above 300 ng/L. In comparison, both 4-t-OP and DEHP were also ranked highest, with mean concentrations above 100 ng/g, in the sediment samples. Moreover, the âˆ?sub>10EDCs concentration in the Huai River Basin was similar to that in the Yangtze River Basin. Notably, Huai’an city had the maximum mean concentration for EDCs in the Huai River Basin, followed by Xuzhou city and Suqian city, while Yangzhou city ranked highest in the Yangtze River Basin. Furthermore, the corresponding risk distribution revealed that (1) NP, bisphenol A (BPA), and 4-t-OP are of medium to high risk in 70%, 100% and 95% of the surface water samples, and likewise in 45%, 88% and 100% of the sediment samples, resp.; the maximum RQ value for NP in surface water samples reached 74.9; (2) DEHP belongs to the high-risk category in all samples (100%), whose maximum RQ reached 54.7. To our best knowledge, this is the first study to report on the occurrence, spatial distribution, and risk assessment of EDCs of high concern in Jiangsu Province, China. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Dicyclohexyl phthalate (cas: 84-61-7Safety of Dicyclohexyl phthalate).

Dicyclohexyl phthalate (cas: 84-61-7) belongs to esters. Esters are also usually derived from carboxylic acids. It may also be obtained by reaction of acid anhydride or acid halides with alcohols or by the reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides alcoholysis is another way to produce esters. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with alcohols to produce esters. Anydrous conditions are recommended since both acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with water.Safety of Dicyclohexyl phthalate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Structural and Computational Analysis of 2-Halogeno-Glycosyl Cations in the Presence of a Superacid: An Expansive Platform was written by Lebedel, Ludivine;Arda, Ana;Martin, Amelie;Desire, Jerome;Mingot, Agnes;Aufiero, Marialuisa;Aiguabella Font, Nuria;Gilmour, Ryan;Jimenez-Barbero, Jesus;Bleriot, Yves;Thibaudeau, Sebastien. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2019.Reference of 4163-60-4 This article mentions the following:

An expansive NMR-based structural anal. of elusive glycosyl cations derived from natural and non-natural monosaccharides in superacids is disclosed. For the first time, it has been possible to explore the consequence of deoxygenation and halogen substitution at the C2 position in a series of 2-halogenoglucosyl, galactosyl, and mannosyl donors in the condensed phase. These cationic intermediates were characterized using low-temperature in situ NMR experiments supported by DFT calculations The 2-bromo derivatives display intramol. stabilization of the glycosyl cations. Introducing a strongly electron-withdrawing fluorine atom at C2 exerts considerable influence on the oxocarbenium ion reactivity. In a superacid, these oxocarbenium ions are quenched by weakly coordinating SbF₆^– anions, thereby demonstrating their highly electrophilic character and their propensity to interact with poor nucleophiles. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 4163-60-4Reference of 4163-60-4).

(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 4163-60-4) belongs to esters. Carboxylic acid esters of low molecular weight are colourless, volatile liquids with pleasant odours, slightly soluble in water. Esterification is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants (typically an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product. Esters are common in organic chemistry and biological materials.Reference of 4163-60-4

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Difluoro ketone peptidomimetics suggest a large s1 pocket for Alzheimer’s γ-secretase: implications for inhibitor design was written by Moore, Chad L.;Leatherwood, Dartha D.;Diehl, Thekla S.;Selkoe, Dennis J.;Wolfe, Michael S.. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2000.Reference of 87694-53-9 This article mentions the following:

The final step in the generation of the amyloid-β protein (Aβ), implicated in the etiol. of Alzheimer’s disease, is proteolysis within the transmembrane region of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by γ-secretase. Although considered an important target for therapeutic design, γ-secretase has been neither well-characterized nor definitively identified. Previous studies in our laboratory using substrate-based difluoro ketone and difluoro alc. transition-state analog inhibitors suggest that γ-secretase is an aspartyl protease with loose sequence specificity. To further characterize the active site of γ-secretase, we prepared a series of difluoro ketone peptide analogs with varying steric bulkiness in the P1 position and tested the ability of these compounds to inhibit Aβ production in APP-transfected cells. Incorporation of bulky, aliphatic P1 side chains, such as sec-Bu or cyclohexylmethyl, led to increased γ-secretase inhibitory potency, suggesting a large S1 pocket to accommodate these substituents and providing further evidence for loose sequence specificity. The cyclohexylmethyl P1 substituent allowed N-terminal truncation to a low-mol.-weight compound (<600 Da) that effectively blocked Aβ production (IC₅₀ âˆ?5 μM). This finding suggests that optimal S1 binding may allow the development of potent inhibitors with ideal pharmaceutical properties. Moreover, a difluoro alc. analog with a cyclohexylmethyl P1 substituent was equipotent with its difluoro ketone counterpart, providing strong evidence that γ-secretase is an aspartyl protease. All new analogs inhibited total Aβ and Aβ₄₂ production with the same rank order of potency and increased Aβ₄₂ production at low concentrations, providing further evidence for distinct γ-secretases that are nevertheless closely similar with respect to active site topol. and mechanism. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S)-tert-Butyl (1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate (cas: 87694-53-9Reference of 87694-53-9).

(S)-tert-Butyl (1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate (cas: 87694-53-9) belongs to esters. Volatile esters with characteristic odours are used in synthetic flavours, perfumes, and cosmetics. Certain volatile esters are used as solvents for lacquers, paints, and varnishes. Liquid esters of low volatility serve as softening agents for resins and plastics. Esters also include many industrially important polymers. Polymethyl methacrylate is a glass substitute sold under the names Lucite and Plexiglas; polyethylene terephthalate is used as a film (Mylar) and as textile fibres sold as Terylene, Fortrel, and Dacron.Reference of 87694-53-9

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Application of biocharcoal aerogel sorbent for solid-phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples was written by Ji, Xiangping;Feng, Juanjuan;Li, Chunying;Han, Sen;Sun, Min;Feng, Jiaqing;Sun, Haili;Fan, Jing;Guo, Wenjuan. And the article was included in Journal of Separation Science in 2020.Quality Control of Dicyclohexyl phthalate This article mentions the following:

A facile method was introduced for preparing a biocharcoal aerogel, which was derived from pomelo peel as the only raw material. The inner spongy layer of pomelo peel was freeze-dried for maintaining three-dimensional structure and then carbonized under high temperature and oxygen-limited conditions. The morphol. structure and graphitization degree of biocharcoal aerogel were characterized using a scanning electron microscope and Raman spectrum. After sifting and grinding, the biocharcoal aerogel as an adsorbent was coated onto the surface of stainless steel wires. Through placing the wires into a polyetheretherketone tube, the in-tube solid-phase microextraction device was obtained. Coupled with high-performance liquid chromatog., it exhibited good extraction performance for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, then an online anal. method was established with low limits of detection (0.005-0.050 ng/mL), wide linear ranges (0.017-15 ng/mL) with superior correlation coefficients higher than 0.9990, high enrichment factors (1128-3425), and acceptable intra- and inter-day repeatabilities (relative standard deviations �6.7%, n = 3). The method was applied to detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bottled water samples, environmental water samples, and soft drinks with satisfactory recoveries (83.3-120.9%). This research not only developed a new carbon aerogel but also evaluated its adsorption performance in sample preparation In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Dicyclohexyl phthalate (cas: 84-61-7Quality Control of Dicyclohexyl phthalate).

Dicyclohexyl phthalate (cas: 84-61-7) belongs to esters. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Cyclic esters are called lactones, regardless of whether they are derived from an organic or inorganic acid. One example of an organic lactone is γ-valerolactone.Quality Control of Dicyclohexyl phthalate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Design of multi-phase dynamic chemical networks was written by Chen, Chenrui;Tan, Junjun;Hsieh, Ming-Chien;Pan, Ting;Goodwin, Jay T.;Mehta, Anil K.;Grover, Martha A.;Lynn, David G.. And the article was included in Nature Chemistry in 2017.Application In Synthesis of (S)-tert-Butyl (1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate This article mentions the following:

Template-directed polymerization reactions enable the accurate storage and processing of nature’s biopolymer information. This mutualistic relationship of nucleic acids and proteins, a network known as life’s central dogma, is now marvelously complex, and the progressive steps necessary for creating the initial sequence and chain-length-specific polymer templates are lost to time. Here we design and construct dynamic polymerization networks that exploit metastable prion cross-β phases. Mixed-phase environments have been used for constructing synthetic polymers, but these dynamic phases emerge naturally from the growing peptide oligomers and create environments suitable both to nucleate assembly and select for ordered templates. The resulting templates direct the amplification of a phase containing only chain-length-specific peptide-like oligomers. Such multi-phase biopolymer dynamics reveal pathways for the emergence, self-selection and amplification of chain-length- and possibly sequence-specific biopolymers. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S)-tert-Butyl (1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate (cas: 87694-53-9Application In Synthesis of (S)-tert-Butyl (1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate).

(S)-tert-Butyl (1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate (cas: 87694-53-9) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits. Esters are more polar than ethers but less polar than alcohols. They participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding confers some water-solubility.Application In Synthesis of (S)-tert-Butyl (1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Monosaccharide Analogues of Anticancer Peptide R-Lycosin-I: Role of Monosaccharide Conjugation in Complexation and the Potential of Lung Cancer Targeting and Therapy was written by Zhang, Peng;Ma, Jing;Zhang, Qianqian;Jian, Shandong;Sun, Xiaoliang;Liu, Bobo;Nie, Liqin;Liu, Meiyan;Liang, Songping;Zeng, Youlin;Liu, Zhonghua. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2019.COA of Formula: C16H22O11 This article mentions the following:

Glycoconjugation is a promising modification strategy for the optimization of peptide drugs. In this study, five different monosaccharide derivatives (7a-e) were covalently linked to the N-terminal of R-lycosin-I, which yielded five glycopeptides (8a-e). They demonstrated increased or reduced cytotoxicity depending on monosaccharide types, which might be explained by the changes of physicochem. properties. Among all synthesized glycopeptides, only 8a exhibited increased cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ = 9.6 ± 0.3 μM) and selectivity (IC₅₀ = 37.4 ± 5.9 μM). The glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) with high expression in cancer cells was approved to be involved in the cytotoxicity and selectivity enhancement of 8a. Furthermore, 8a but not R-lycosin-I inhibited tumor growth in the nude mice xenograft model without generating side effects i.p. Taken together, this study reveals the different monosaccharide roles in peptide modification and also provides an optimized anticancer peptide with high activity and selectivity, i.e., 8a might be a promising lead for developing anticancer drugs. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 4163-60-4COA of Formula: C16H22O11).

(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 4163-60-4) belongs to esters. Esters are also usually derived from carboxylic acids. It may also be obtained by reaction of acid anhydride or acid halides with alcohols or by the reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides alcoholysis is another way to produce esters. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with alcohols to produce esters. Anydrous conditions are recommended since both acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with water.COA of Formula: C16H22O11

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Urinary Concentrations of Major Phthalate and Alternative Plasticizer Metabolites in Children of Thailand, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia, and Associated Risks was written by Lee, Inae;Palmke, Claudia;Ringbeck, Benedikt;Ihn, Yunchul;Gotthardt, Alexandra;Lee, Gowoon;Alakeel, Raid;Alrashed, May;Tosepu, Ramadhan;Jayadipraja, Erwin Azizi;Tantrakarnapa, Kraichat;Kliengchuay, Wissanupong;Kho, Younglim;Koch, Holger M.;Choi, Kyungho. And the article was included in Environmental Science & Technology in 2021.Safety of Dicyclohexyl phthalate This article mentions the following:

Phthalates are widely used in consumer products and are well-known for adverse endocrine outcomes. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), one of the most extensively used phthalates, has been rapidly substituted with alternative plasticizers in many consumer products. The aim of this study was to assess urinary phthalate and alternative plasticizer exposure and associated risks in children of three Asian countries with different geog., climate, and cultural characteristics. Children were recruited from elementary schools of Saudi Arabia (n = 109), Thailand (n = 104), and Indonesia (n = 89) in 2017-2018, and their urine samples were collected. Metabolites of major phthalates and alternative plasticizers were measured in the urine samples by HPLC-MS/MS. Urinary metabolite levels differed substantially between the three countries. Metabolite levels of diisononyl phthalate (DiNP), diisodecyl phthalate (DiDP), di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHTP), and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester (DINCH) were the highest in Saudi children: Median urinary concentrations of oxo-MiNP, OH-MiDP, 5cx-MEPTP, and OH-MINCH were 8.3, 8.4, 128.0, and 2.9 ng/mL, resp. Urinary DEHP metabolite concentrations were the highest in the Indonesian children. The hazard index (HI) derived for the plasticizers with antiandrogenicity based reference doses (RfD_AA) was >1 in 86%, 80%, and 49% of the Saudi, Indonesian, and Thai children, resp. DEHP was identified as a common major risk driver for the children of all three countries, followed by DnBP and DiBP depending on the country. Among alternative plasticizers, urinary DEHTP metabolites were detected at levels comparable to those of DEHP metabolites or higher among the Saudi children, and about 4% of the Saudi children exceeded the health based human biomonitoring (HBM)-I value. Priority plasticizers that were identified among the children of three countries warrant refined exposure assessment for source identification and relevant exposure reduction measures. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Dicyclohexyl phthalate (cas: 84-61-7Safety of Dicyclohexyl phthalate).

Dicyclohexyl phthalate (cas: 84-61-7) belongs to esters. Carboxylic acid esters of low molecular weight are colourless, volatile liquids with pleasant odours, slightly soluble in water. Esterification is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants (typically an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product. Esters are common in organic chemistry and biological materials.Safety of Dicyclohexyl phthalate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

In Vitro and In Vivo Antiviral Studies of New Heteroannulated 1,2,3-Triazole Glycosides Targeting the Neuraminidase of Influenza A Viruses was written by Kutkat, Omnia;Kandeil, Ahmed;Moatasim, Yassmin;Elshaier, Yaseen A. M. M.;El-Sayed, Wael A.;Gaballah, Samir T.;El Taweel, Ahmed;Kamel, Mina Nabil;El Sayes, Mohamed;Ramadan, Mohammed A.;El-Shesheny, Rabeh;Abdel-Megeid, Farouk M. E.;Webby, Richard;Kayali, Ghazi;Ali, Mohamed A.. And the article was included in Pharmaceuticals in 2022.HPLC of Formula: 4163-60-4 This article mentions the following:

There is an urgent need to develop and synthesize new anti-influenza drugs with activity against different strains, resistance to mutations, and suitability for various populations. Herein, we tested in vitro and in vivo the antiviral activity of new 1,2,3-triazole glycosides incorporating benzimidazole, benzooxazole, or benzotriazole cores synthesized by using a click approach. The Cu-catalyzation strategy consisted of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the azidoalkyl derivative of the resp. heterocyclic and different glycosyl acetylenes with five or six carbon sugar moieties. The antiviral activity of the synthesized glycosides against wild-type and neuraminidase inhibitor resistant strains of the avian influenza H5N1 and human influenza H1N1 viruses was high in vitro and in mice. Structure-activity relationship studies showed that varying the glycosyl moiety in the synthesized glycosides enhanced antiviral activity. The compound (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-((1-(Benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylmethyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate (Compound 9c) had a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 2.280 μM and a ligand lipophilic efficiency (LLE) of 6.84. The compound (2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-((1-((1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methoxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate had IC50 = 2.75 μM and LLE = 7.3 after docking anal. with the H5N1 virus neuraminidase. Compound 9c achieved full protection from H1N1 infection and 80% protection from H5N1 in addition to a high binding energy with neuraminidase and was safe in vitro and in vivo. This compound is suitable for further clin. studies as a new neuraminidase inhibitor. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 4163-60-4HPLC of Formula: 4163-60-4).

(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 4163-60-4) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits. Many esters have the potential for conformational isomerism, but they tend to adopt an s-cis (or Z) conformation rather than the s-trans (or E) alternative, due to a combination of hyperconjugation and dipole minimization effects. The preference for the Z conformation is influenced by the nature of the substituents and solvent, if present. Lactones with small rings are restricted to the s-trans (i.e. E) conformation due to their cyclic structure.HPLC of Formula: 4163-60-4

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Probing the contamination characteristics, mobility, and risk assessments of typical plastic additive-phthalate esters from a typical coastal aquaculture area, China was written by Zhang, Ze-Ming;Wang, Liu-Yong;Gu, Yan-Yu;Sun, Ai-Li;You, Jin-Jie;Shi, Xi-Zhi;Chen, Jiong. And the article was included in Journal of Hazardous Materials in 2021.Computed Properties of C20H26O4 This article mentions the following:

Contamination characteristics, equilibrium partitioning and risk assessment of phthalate esters (PAEs) were investigated in seawater, sediment and biol. samples collected from the Xiangshan Bay area during an annual investigation between Jan. and Nov. 2019. PAE concentrations detected in the mariculture environment in surface seawater, sediment, and biol. samples were 172-3365 ng/L, 190-2430μg/kg (dry weight [dw]), and 820-4926μg/kg (dw), resp. The dominant congeners in different media included di-Bu phthalate (DnBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). The inner bay and the bay mouth were the gathering area of PAEs and heavily influenced by the mariculture activities, river inputs, and anthropogenic activities. The bioaccumulation of PAEs demonstrated benthic feeding fishes with relatively high trophic levels concentrated high levels of phthalates. The mobility of PAEs in sediment-seawater showed that the transfer tendency of low-mol. weight species was from the sediment to the water, which was in contrast with those of high-mol. weight PAEs. DEHP, DiBP and DnBP had various degrees of ecol. risks in the aquatic environment, whereas only the DiBP posed potential risks in sediments. The current assessment of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks posed by fish consumption were within acceptable limits for humans. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Dicyclohexyl phthalate (cas: 84-61-7Computed Properties of C20H26O4).

Dicyclohexyl phthalate (cas: 84-61-7) belongs to esters. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Liquid esters of low volatility serve as softening agents for resins and plastics. Esters also include many industrially important polymers. Polymethyl methacrylate is a glass substitute sold under the names Lucite and Plexiglas; polyethylene terephthalate is used as a film (Mylar) and as textile fibres sold as Terylene, Fortrel, and Dacron.Computed Properties of C20H26O4

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

A rapid synthesis of low-nanomolar divalent LecA inhibitors in four linear steps from D-galactose pentaacetate was written by Zahorska, Eva;Kuhaudomlarp, Sakonwan;Minervini, Saverio;Yousaf, Sultaan;Lepsik, Martin;Kinsinger, Thorsten;Hirsch, Anna K. H.;Imberty, Anne;Titz, Alexander. And the article was included in Chemical Communications (Cambridge, United Kingdom) in 2020.Computed Properties of C16H22O11 This article mentions the following:

Chronic infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa are associated with the formation of bacterial biofilms. The tetrameric P. aeruginosa lectin LecA is a virulence factor and an anti-biofilm drug target. Increasing the overall binding affinity by multivalent presentation of binding epitopes can enhance the weak carbohydrate-ligand interactions. Low-nanomolar divalent LecA ligands/inhibitors with up to 260-fold valency-normalized potency boost and excellent selectivity over human galectin-1 were synthesized from D-galactose pentaacetate and benzaldehyde-based linkers in four linear steps. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 4163-60-4Computed Properties of C16H22O11).

(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 4163-60-4) belongs to esters. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides alcoholysis is another way to produce esters. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with alcohols to produce esters. Anydrous conditions are recommended since both acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with water.Computed Properties of C16H22O11

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics