Tag: 100-200

Lethal concentrations of Cymbopogon nardus essential oils and their main component citronellal on Varroa destructor and Apis mellifera was written by Gimenez-Martinez, Pablo;Ramirez, Cristina;Mitton, Giulia;Meroi Arcerito, Facundo;Ramos, Facundo;Cooley, Hazel;Fuselli, Sandra;Maggi, Matias. And the article was included in Experimental Parasitology in 2022.Recommanded Product: 105-87-3 This article mentions the following:

Varroosis is a disease caused by the mite Varroa destructor, and it is considered one of the biggest threats to honey bee populations globally. Mite control is centered on the use of synthetic acaricides, such as amitraz and flumethrine. However, high usage of these chems. is associated with a wide variety of undesirable effects on bee colonies, including the development of resistance and persistence of harmful residues of acaricides in hive products used by humans. Botanical extracts have been identified as a potentially suitable organic alternative to synthetic acaricides. Essential oils, such as clove, eucalyptus, lemongrass, and oregano, have been found to exhibit acaricidal activity against V. destructor. The main goal of this work was to assess the bioactivity of the Cymbopogon nardus essential oil from two different locations (Argentina and India), and the activity of its major component the monoterpene citronellal. According to our results, complete essential oil from India is more effective in controlling parasitosis than the isolated citronellal component. The essential oil of C. nardus from Argentina demonstrated promise for the control of varroosis, as well as exhibiting low toxicity against bees (LC50 = 11.84 μL/mL). In addition, this essential oil may avoid the problems caused by synthetic acaricides, such as the emergence of resistance foci in Varroa and residues in hive products. Future research needs to investigate the delivery of volatile essentials oils to target mite populations. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (E)-3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl acetate (cas: 105-87-3Recommanded Product: 105-87-3).

(E)-3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl acetate (cas: 105-87-3) belongs to esters. Volatile esters with characteristic odours are used in synthetic flavours, perfumes, and cosmetics. Certain volatile esters are used as solvents for lacquers, paints, and varnishes. Esters are more polar than ethers but less polar than alcohols. They participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding confers some water-solubility.Recommanded Product: 105-87-3

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Analysis of volatile aroma compounds from five types of Fenghuang Dancong tea using headspace-solid phase microextraction combined with GC-MS and GC-olfactometry was written by Li, Z. W.;Wang, J. H.. And the article was included in International Food Research Journal in 2021.Recommanded Product: 695-06-7 This article mentions the following:

The present work describes the relationship between volatile aroma components and flavors of Fenghuang Dancong tea. Volatile aroma components of five types of Fenghuang Dancong tea namely Baxian, Milanxiang, Yulanxiang, Guihuaxiang, and Yinhuaxiang were extracted by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), then analyzed by gas chromatog.- mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique and gas chromatog. olfactometry (GC-O) techniques. The GC-MS results showed that a total of 116 volatile components were detected, among which 21 (including alcs., esters, olefins, aldehydes, ketones, and alkanes) were commonly detected in all types of tea. Based on GC-O anal., 26 active ingredients that mainly contribute to grassy, sweet, floral, fruity, woody, and honey aromas were detected. Among these ingredients, four compounds including linalool oxide I, linalool, nerol, and neroli, which give floral, sweet, and honey aromas were abundant (with high aroma intensity) in all five types of tea. This suggests that these compounds are the main components contributing to the unique aroma of Fenghuang Dancong tea. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Ethyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (cas: 695-06-7Recommanded Product: 695-06-7).

5-Ethyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (cas: 695-06-7) belongs to esters. Esters are also usually derived from carboxylic acids. It may also be obtained by reaction of acid anhydride or acid halides with alcohols or by the reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides. Liquid esters of low volatility serve as softening agents for resins and plastics. Esters also include many industrially important polymers. Polymethyl methacrylate is a glass substitute sold under the names Lucite and Plexiglas; polyethylene terephthalate is used as a film (Mylar) and as textile fibres sold as Terylene, Fortrel, and Dacron.Recommanded Product: 695-06-7

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Synthesis of 4-(4-acetyl-5-methyl-1h-pyrrol-2-yl)-2′,3′,4′-trihydroxybutyl cinnamate and its application in unblended cigarette was written by Qi, Ling-kai;Wang, Jian-ling;Ji, Xiao-ming;Zhao, Ming-qin;Fu, Pei-pei. And the article was included in Jingxi Huagong in 2013.Application In Synthesis of Methyl 2-thienylacetate This article mentions the following:

Under alk. conditions and in aqueous solution, 2-methyl-3-acetyl-5-1′, 2′, 3′, 4′-tetrahydroxy Bu pyrrole was obtained by the reaction of D-glucosamine hydrochloride with acetyl acetone at reflux for 8 h. Then, this chem. compound was taken as raw material to react with cinnamic acid to synthesize the 4- (4-acetyl-5-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-2′,3′,4′-trihydroxybutyl cinnamate in the presence of DCC which was used as dehydrating agent. Its structure was characterized and verified by ¹HNMR, ¹³CNMR, IR, and HRMS spectral anal. The pyrolysis of the target product was studied at 300°C, 600°C, and 900°C resp., and the application of the product in cigarette flavoring was studied as well. The results show that such aroma components as benzaldehyde, 2-Me pyridine and farnesol were detected at the three temperatures It is proved that when 0.2% of the target product was added in tobacco, it could play an important role in enhancing the aroma quality and volume of smoke, reducing irritancy and improving the aftertaste. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Methyl 2-thienylacetate (cas: 19432-68-9Application In Synthesis of Methyl 2-thienylacetate).

Methyl 2-thienylacetate (cas: 19432-68-9) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Many esters have the potential for conformational isomerism, but they tend to adopt an s-cis (or Z) conformation rather than the s-trans (or E) alternative, due to a combination of hyperconjugation and dipole minimization effects. The preference for the Z conformation is influenced by the nature of the substituents and solvent, if present. Lactones with small rings are restricted to the s-trans (i.e. E) conformation due to their cyclic structure.Application In Synthesis of Methyl 2-thienylacetate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Combined use of analyte protectants and precolumn backflushing for a robust, high-throughput quantitative determination of aroma compounds in cigarette mainstream smoke by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was written by Guo, Qiong;Pan, Lining;Qin, Yaqiong;Xie, Fuwei;Wang, Xiaoyu;Zhao, Xiaodong;Chen, Li;Wang, Bing;Cai, Junlan;Liu, Huimin. And the article was included in Microchemical Journal in 2022.Electric Literature of C6H12O2 This article mentions the following:

Trace anal. of multi-targets in complex matrixes such as cigarette smoke has always been a great challenge for analysts. In this paper, a high-throughput qual. and quant. method was developed and validated to determine 559 aroma compounds in mainstream smoke using gas chromatog.-tandem mass spectrometry. Among four commonly used extraction solvents, dichloromethane showed obvious advantages in extracting the target aroma compounds with different polarity. An analyte protectant mixture consisting of 3-methoxy-1,2-propanediol, 1,2-octandiol, 1,2-nonanediol, and 1,2-tetradecanediol was first presented to compensate for the matrix effect, which was suitable for solvents of a wide polarity range such as hexane, dichloromethane, acetone, acetonitrile, and methanol. Moreover, the introduction of precolumn backflushing markedly improved the instrument robustness in analyzing complex cigarette smoke. The results showed that the system retained good stability after 30 days of injection. The proposed method performed well in terms of key validation parameters: accuracy (70.3-118.8% for 552 compounds), inter/intraday precision (0.1-10.7% and 0.2-18.2%), and sensitivity (limit of detection 0.12-102.54 ng/mL). Finally, this method was successfully applied to analyze 12 different com. cigarette brands. The proposed method has good application prospects based on its robustness and may be used as a potential tool to transfer the cigarette design from an experience-dependent mode to a digital design mode. This method also shows potential in assaying aroma compounds in essentials, food or plant-based substrates. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Methyl2-methylbutyrate (cas: 868-57-5Electric Literature of C6H12O2).

Methyl2-methylbutyrate (cas: 868-57-5) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Esters are more polar than ethers but less polar than alcohols. They participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding confers some water-solubility.Electric Literature of C6H12O2

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Solvent selection for extractive distillation processes to separate close-boiling polar systems was written by Sprakel, Lisette M. J.;Kamphuis, Peter;Nikolova, Anna L.;Keijsper, Dylan J.;Schuur, Boelo. And the article was included in Chemical Engineering Research and Design in 2019.Recommanded Product: Methyl2-methylbutyrate This article mentions the following:

Solvent selection is key in extractive distillation process development and solvent effects are often predicted based on the activity coefficients at infinite dilution For close-boiling polar systems with strong or specific interacting species, standard simulation tools, e.g. using UNIFAC or COSMO-RS, often predict poor as the activity coefficients at infinite dilution not always reflect the selectivity in the process. For these systems, a heuristic solvent selection method in which mol. properties such as acidity, hydrogen bonding and polarity are applied is desired as first estimate in the solvent selection. To explore the key parameters for such a first selection, solvent effects on the relative volatility (α) were measured for three different industrially relevant polar mixtures, valeric acid – 2-methylbutyric acid, diethylmethylamine – diisopropylether, and 2-butanol – 2-butanone. For each of the cases the effect of potential solvents on α was measured in an ebulliometer. For the acids, the difference in pK_a of 0.1 was too small to sep. based on acidity with a moderately basic solvent. Stronger basic solvents resulted in thermal and chem. instability. Although the solvent methyl-2-Me butyrate is not suitable as a solvent because of reactivity, this structurally similar solvent showed selectivity, indicating also in extractive distillation the like dissolves like phenomenon can be applied to induce selectivity. A larger difference in basicity of the mixture components (amine-ether mixture) and a difference in hydrogen bonding affinity between the mixture components (ketone-alc. mixture) allowed for increasing α based on differences in acidity and hydrogen bonding, resp. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Methyl2-methylbutyrate (cas: 868-57-5Recommanded Product: Methyl2-methylbutyrate).

Methyl2-methylbutyrate (cas: 868-57-5) belongs to esters. Esters are also usually derived from carboxylic acids. It may also be obtained by reaction of acid anhydride or acid halides with alcohols or by the reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides. Because of their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability, esters do not self-associate. Consequently, esters are more volatile than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.Recommanded Product: Methyl2-methylbutyrate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Chemical analysis of snus products from the United States and northern Europe was written by Lawler, Tameka S.;Stanfill, Stephen B.;Tran, Hang T.;Lee, Grace E.;Chen, Patrick X.;Kimbrell, J. Brett;Lisko, Joseph G.;Fernandez, Carolina;Caudill, Samuel P.;Rey de Castro, B.;Watson, Clifford H.. And the article was included in PLoS One in 2020.Synthetic Route of C9H10O3 This article mentions the following:

Snus is an oral tobacco product that originated in Sweden. Snus products are available as fine-cut loose tobacco or in pre-portioned porous “pouches.” Some snus products undergo tobacco pasteurization during manufacturing, a process that removes or reduces nitrite-forming microbes, resulting in less tobacco-specific nitrosamine content in the product. Some tobacco companies and researchers have suggested that snus is potentially less harmful than traditional tobacco and thus a potential smoking cessation aid or an alternative to continued cigarette consumption. Although snus is available in various countries, limited information exists on snus variants from different manufacturers. Moisture, pH, nicotine, and tobacco-specific N’-nitrosamines (TSNAs) were quantified in 64 snus products made by 10 manufacturers in the United States and Northern Europe (NE). Reported means, standard errors, and differences are least-square (LS) estimates from bootstrapped mixed effects models, which accounted for correlation among repeated measurements. Minor alkaloids and select flavors were also measured. Among all product types, moisture (27.4%-59.5%), pH (pH 5.87-9.10), total nicotine (6.81-20.6 mg/g, wet), unprotonated nicotine (0.083-15.7 mg/g), and total TSNAs (390-4,910 ng/g) varied widely. The LS-mean unprotonated nicotine concentration of NE portion (7.72 mg/g, SE = 0.963) and NE loose (5.06 mg/g, SE = 1.26) snus were each significantly higher than US portion snus (1.00 mg/g, SE = 1.56). Concentrations of minor alkaloids varied most among products with the highest total nicotine levels. The LS-mean NNN+NNK were higher in snus sold in the US (1360 ng/g, SE = 207) than in NE (836 ng/g, SE = 132) countries. The most abundant flavor compounds detected were pulegone, eucalyptol, and menthol. Phys. and chem. characteristics of US and NE products labeled as snus can vary considerably and should not be considered “equivalent”. Our findings could inform public health and policy decisions pertaining to snus exposure and potential adverse health effects associated with snus. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (cas: 118-61-6Synthetic Route of C9H10O3).

Ethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (cas: 118-61-6) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Cyclic esters are called lactones, regardless of whether they are derived from an organic or inorganic acid. One example of an organic lactone is γ-valerolactone.Synthetic Route of C9H10O3

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Occurrences and changes in aroma-associated volatile compound profiles and prominent bioactive compounds at different stages of persimmon vinegar production process was written by Ozdemir, Nilguen;Budak, Nilguen H.;Filiz, Bilge Ertekin;Ozer, Elif. And the article was included in Journal of Food Processing and Preservation.Quality Control of 5-Hexyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one This article mentions the following:

In this study, the aim was to reveal the aroma-related volatile component profiles, major bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacities of mainly persimmon vinegar produced from persimmon fruit, as well as its juice and wine. Persimmon fruit is rich in functional compounds However, its availability is limited due to not growing everywhere, soft texture, and it is also not preferred by consumers due to its quite astringent taste. In the study, persimmon vinegar was produced as a solution to these problems. Persimmon vinegar, stood out with high gallic, chlorogenic acid contents, and antioxidant capacity, even from apple and grape vinegars. Also, an aroma-associated volatile-compound profile of it was determined as mainly 2-butanol, acetic acid, propanol, Pr acetate, and phenethyl alc., and addnl. chavicol, 2-Bu acetate and isovaleric -acid. Persimmon vinegar may suggest as an alternative and new product with pos. health effects and different taste which can be preferred by consumers. Thus, this fruit should be used for vinegar production Novelty impact statement : Persimmon attracts attention with its rich bioactive properties and different flavor. The fermentation process causes changes in bioactive compounds and aroma components. Persimmon can be used as a novel substrate for vinegar production with bioactive compounds and distinct flavor. The aroma-related volatile component profiles, major bioactive compounds, and antioxidant capacities of persimmon vinegar, juice, and wine were firstly revealed by this study. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Hexyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (cas: 706-14-9Quality Control of 5-Hexyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one).

5-Hexyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (cas: 706-14-9) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Liquid esters of low volatility serve as softening agents for resins and plastics. Esters also include many industrially important polymers. Polymethyl methacrylate is a glass substitute sold under the names Lucite and Plexiglas; polyethylene terephthalate is used as a film (Mylar) and as textile fibres sold as Terylene, Fortrel, and Dacron.Quality Control of 5-Hexyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Fluoroaromatics from arylamines. A convenient one-pot conversion using nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate was written by Milner, David J.. And the article was included in Synthetic Communications in 1992.Formula: C10H11FO2 This article mentions the following:

A simple, novel and extremely versatile procedure has been identified for the conversion of arylamines into the corresponding aryl fluorides. The amine is treated with nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate in dichloromethane and the resulting diazonium tetrafluoroborate is heated, without isolation or drying, to give the fluoroarom., generally in good yield. The method is applicable even to arylamines bearing carboxyl and hydroxyl substituents, which give poor yields of aryl fluorides under Balz-Schiemann conditions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl 2-(4-fluorophenyl)acetate (cas: 587-88-2Formula: C10H11FO2).

Ethyl 2-(4-fluorophenyl)acetate (cas: 587-88-2) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits. Esterification is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants (typically an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product. Esters are common in organic chemistry and biological materials.Formula: C10H11FO2

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Synthesis and pyrolysis of two novel pyrrole ester flavor precursors was written by Fan, Wenpeng;Chu, Wenjuan;Tian, Haiying;Zhang, Zhan;Feng, Yingjie;Gao, Ziting;Cheng, Biao;Ji, Xiaoming;Lai, Miao. And the article was included in Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry in 2022.Formula: C6H12O2 This article mentions the following:

In order to develop the high-temperature-released pyrrole aroma, two novel flavor precursors of 1H-pyrrole-3-carboxylates I (R = n-Bu, Ph) were synthesized using glucosamine hydrochloride and Me acetoacetate as raw materials through cyclization, oxidation, alkylation, reduction, and esterification. The target compounds were characterized by NMR (¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR), IR spectroscopy (IR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and the pyrolysis-gas chromatog./mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) methods were used to analyze the heating-stability of the target compounds, and the pyrolysis mechanism was inferred. Py-GC/MS results indicated that some fragrance compounds were formed during thermal degradation such as 2-methylbutyric acid, 2-methylbutyrate, alkylpyrroles, and benzoic acid, which were important aroma components or flavor additives. This provided a theor. reference for the application of pyrrole ester in cigarette and heat-processed food flavoring. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Methyl2-methylbutyrate (cas: 868-57-5Formula: C6H12O2).

Methyl2-methylbutyrate (cas: 868-57-5) belongs to esters. Esters are also usually derived from carboxylic acids. It may also be obtained by reaction of acid anhydride or acid halides with alcohols or by the reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides. Liquid esters of low volatility serve as softening agents for resins and plastics. Esters also include many industrially important polymers. Polymethyl methacrylate is a glass substitute sold under the names Lucite and Plexiglas; polyethylene terephthalate is used as a film (Mylar) and as textile fibres sold as Terylene, Fortrel, and Dacron.Formula: C6H12O2

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Pd(OAc)₂-catalyzed orthogonal synthesis of 2-hydroxybenzoates and substituted cyclohexanones from acyclic unsaturated 1,3-carbonyl compounds was written by Miyagi, Toshinori;Okada, Sho;Tada, Naoya;Sugihara, Masahiro;Kagawa, Natsuko;Takabatake, Tetsuhiko;Toyota, Masahiro. And the article was included in Tetrahedron Letters in 2019.Application In Synthesis of Ethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate This article mentions the following:

A Pd-catalyzed orthogonal synthesis of substituted 2-hydroxybenzoates and substituted cyclohexanones was developed for the first time. The substituted 2-hydroxybenzoates were obtained from acyclic unsaturated 1,3-carbonyl compounds using a combination of catalytic Pd(OAc)₂ and Cu(OAc)₂. On the other hand, the substituted cyclohexanones were produced from similar substrates via catalytic Pd(OAc)₂ and hydrogen chloride. Each transformation was clean, easy to work up, provided the desired compounds in good purities and did not require column chromatog. purification In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (cas: 118-61-6Application In Synthesis of Ethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate).

Ethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (cas: 118-61-6) belongs to esters. Carboxylic acid esters of low molecular weight are colourless, volatile liquids with pleasant odours, slightly soluble in water. Esters are more polar than ethers but less polar than alcohols. They participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding confers some water-solubility.Application In Synthesis of Ethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics