Esters-buliding-blocks

Gutsche, C. David published the artcileThe photoinduced alcoholysis of 3,4-dihydrocoumarin and related compounds, Name: Ethyl 4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)butanoate, the main research area is coumarins dihydro alcoholysis; photoinduced alcoholysis hydrocoumarins.

The reaction of alcs. with 3,4-dihydrocoumarin and related compounds was studied under ordinary conditions (“”dark solvolysis””) and under photolysis conditions (“”photoinduced solvolysis””). The investigation has revealed the following: the photoinduced alcoholysis of 3,4-dihydrocoumarin to an alkyl β-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propionate can be effected with methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol; tert-butanol, however, fails to react and can be employed as a solvent for the photoinduced reaction with other more reactive alcs.; both the higher and lower homologs of 3,4-dihydrocoumarin undergo photoinduced alcoholysis; the higher homolog, 2-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrobenzoxepin, reacts in fashion comparable to 3,4-dihydrocoumarin and yields an alkyl γ-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-butyrate, while the lower homolog, 2-oxo-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran, reacts in a different fashion and yields the alkyl ether of 2-hydrobenzyl alc.; the rates of the “”dark solvolyses”” of various 6- and 7-substituted 3,4-dihydrocoumarins are, in accordance with expectations, accelerated by electron-withdrawing groups and decelerated by electron-releasing groups; the photoinduced solvolyses of various 6- and 7-substituted 3,4-dihydrocoumarins show quantum yields which, with one exception, correlate with the pKa* values for the phenol corresponding to the 3,4-dihydrocoumarin. On the basis of these data, it is postulated that the alcoholyses of 3,4-dihydrocoumarins and 2-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetra-hydrobenzoxepin may be examples of photo-induced Fries rearrangements in which an initially produced spirodiketone reacts with the alc. to form the phenolic ester.

Journal of the American Chemical Society published new progress about coumarins dihydro alcoholysis; photoinduced alcoholysis hydrocoumarins. 20921-17-9 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Ethyl 4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)butanoate, and the molecular formula is C12H16O3, Name: Ethyl 4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)butanoate.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Yadav, Ambedkar Kumar published the artcileAntiviral treatment in COVID-19: which is the most promising?-a narrative review., Name: 2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate, the main research area is Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); antiviral; coronavirus; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); therapeutic agents; treatment.

The whole world is battling through coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which is a fatal pandemic. In the early 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it as a global health emergency without definitive treatments and preventive approaches. In the absence of definitive therapeutic agents, this thorough review summarizes and outlines the potency and safety of all molecules and therapeutics which may have potential antiviral effects. A number of molecules and therapeutics licensed or being tested for some other conditions were found effective in different in vitro studies as well as in many small sample-sized clinical trials and independent case studies. However, in those clinical trials, there were some limitations which need to be overcome to find the most promising antiviral against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In conclusion, many of above-mentioned antivirals seems to have some therapeutic effects but none of them have been shown to have a strong evidence for their proper recommendation and approval in the treatment of COVID-19. Constantly evolving new evidences, exclusive adult data, language barrier, and type of study (observational, retrospective, small-sized clinical trials, or independent case series) resulted to the several limitations of this review. The need for multicentered, large sample-sized, randomized, placebo-controlled trials on COVID-19 patients to reach a proper conclusion on the most promising antiviral agent is warranted.

Annals of palliative medicine published new progress about Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); antiviral; coronavirus; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); therapeutic agents; treatment. 55981-09-4 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate, and the molecular formula is C12H9N3O5S, Name: 2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Abdel-Lateef, Mohamed A. published the artcileA specific turn-on fluorescence probe for determination of nitazoxanide based on feasible oxidation reaction with hypochlorite: Applying cobalt ferrite nanoparticles for pre-concentration and extraction of its metabolite from real urine samples, COA of Formula: C12H9N3O5S, the main research area is Cobalt ferrite NPs; Nitazoxanide; Sodium hypochlorite; Spectrofluorimetry; Tizoxanide; Urine analysis.

Nitazoxanide is an antimicrobial compound that was originally developed as an antiprotozoal drug. Recently nitazoxanide has been identified as broad-spectrum antiviral agent and redirected for the remediation of some respiratory tract viral infections. In this study, the spectrofluorimetric technique has been applied to determine Nitazoxanide (NTX) in tablets or its metabolite, tizoxanide (TZD), in human urine samples. The developed methodol. is based on oxidizing NTX (non-fluorescence) into a highly fluorescent product by sodium hypochlorite. The fluorescence emission intensity was measured at 436.5 nm after fluorescence excitation at 362.5 nm. After optimizing all conditions, the anal. procedures and bio-anal. steps were evaluated and validated using ICH and FDA criteria, resp. The method linearity, LOQ, and LOD values of NTX were 1.0-5.0 μg/mL, 0.434, and 0.143 μg/mL, resp. The other novelty side of the presented work is the application of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles (NPs) as a magnetic solid-phase for the pre-concentration and extraction process. The synthesized magnetic nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscope and zeta sizer techniques. Finally, the utilized magnetic nanoparticles exhibited good recovery results for pre-concentration and extraction of NTX or its metabolite from spiked and real human urine samples, resp.

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis published new progress about Cobalt ferrite NPs; Nitazoxanide; Sodium hypochlorite; Spectrofluorimetry; Tizoxanide; Urine analysis. 55981-09-4 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate, and the molecular formula is C12H9N3O5S, COA of Formula: C12H9N3O5S.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Choi, Yoon Jin published the artcileIncreased Risk of Cancer after Cholecystectomy: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea including 123,295 Patients., Name: Ethyl nonanoate, the main research area is Cholecystectomy; Gallbladder; Incidence; Neoplasms.

Background/Aims: Contradictory findings on the association between cholecystectomy and cancer have been reported. We aimed to investigate the risk of all types of cancers or site-specific cancers in patients who underwent cholecystectomy using a nationwide dataset. Methods: Subjects who underwent cholecystectomy from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2014, who were older than 20 years and who underwent an initial baseline health check-up within 2 years were enrolled. Those who were diagnosed with any type of cancer before the enrollment or within 1 year after enrollment were excluded. Ultimately, patients (n=123,295) who underwent cholecystectomy and age/sex matched population (n=123,295) were identified from the database of the Korean National Health Insurance Service. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for cancer were estimated, and Cox regression analysis was performed. Results: The incidence of cancer in the cholecystectomy group was 9.56 per 1,000 person-years and that in the control group was 7.95 per 1,000 person-years. Patients who underwent cholecystectomy showed an increased risk of total cancer (adjusted HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.24; p<0.001), particularly leukemia and malignancies of the colon, liver, pancreas, biliary tract, thyroid, pharynx, and oral cavity. In the subgroup analysis according to sex, the risk of developing cancers in the pancreas, biliary tract, thyroid, lungs and stomach was higher in men than in women. Conclusions: Physicians should pay more attention to the possibility of the occurrence of secondary cancers among patients who undergo cholecystectomy. Gut and liver published new progress about Cholecystectomy; Gallbladder; Incidence; Neoplasms. 123-29-5 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Ethyl nonanoate, and the molecular formula is C11H22O2, Name: Ethyl nonanoate.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Li, Jinyi published the artcileNitazoxanide in the Treatment of Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis., Application of 2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate, the main research area is Children; Intestinal parasitic infections; Meta-analysis; Nitazoxanide.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of nitazoxanide in intestinal parasitic infections in children. METHODS: Four databases, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane Library, have been systematically searched from the inception of each database up to March 1st, 2019. The enrolled studies were limited to randomized clinical trials in children, comparing nitazoxanide with placebo or other antiparasitic drugs. The data extraction and quality assessment of pooled studies were conducted by two reviewers independently. For meta-analysis, Stata12.0 was used and a randomized effect model or a fixed effect model was selected according to the outcomes of heterogeneity test. RESULTS: A total of 1645 subjects in 13 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were enrolled, including 768 cases in the trial group and 877 cases in the control group. The effect of nitazoxanide vs. placebo and other antiparasitic drugs on the excretion rate of pathogens was uncertain (OR = 2.06, 95%CI [1.01,4.20], P = 0.047; I2 = 84.7%; very low quality evidence). Compared with placebo, subgroup analysis suggested that nitazoxanide could significantly improve the excretion rate of pathogens (OR = 7.01, 95%CI [1.82,26.94], P = 0.005; I2 = 79.1%; moderate quality evidence), while it made little or no difference compared with antiparasitic drugs (OR = 0.72, 95%CI [0.47,1.09], P = 0.124; I2 = 33.1%; low quality evidence). Meanwhile, nitazoxanide might increase the remission rate of diarrhea with OR = 5.12, 95%CI [2.00,13.08], P = 0.001; I2 = 72.3%; low quality evidence). However, it might also increase the rate of adverse events (OR = 1.47, 95%CI [1.05,2.07], P = 0.026; I2 = 44.7%; low quality evidence). CONCLUSIONS: The authors are uncertain whether or not nitazoxanide could improve the excretion rate of pathogens. Based on low-certainty evidence, nitazoxanide may improve the remission rate of diarrhea in children with intestinal parasite infections, but it may be associated with an increased risk of adverse reactions. Hence, more RCTs with a low risk of bias are still needed to assess the efficacy and safety of nitazoxanide.

Indian journal of pediatrics published new progress about Children; Intestinal parasitic infections; Meta-analysis; Nitazoxanide. 55981-09-4 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate, and the molecular formula is C12H9N3O5S, Application of 2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Glal, Khadija A M published the artcileNitazoxanide versus rifaximin in preventing the recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy: A randomized double-blind controlled trial., Formula: C12H9N3O5S, the main research area is CHESS; hepatic encephalopathy; nitazoxanide; octopamine; quality of life.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric complication of liver cirrhosis. HE is associated with poor survival and detrimental effects on quality of life (QOL). The drawbacks of the long-term use of rifaximin in HE necessitates searching for alternative therapies. In this context, our study aimed at evaluating the safety and efficacy of nitazoxanide (NTZ) as compared to rifaximin (RFX) in preventing the recurrence of HE and assessing its impact on QOL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled study included 60 patients who were randomly assigned to receive either rifaximin 550 mg twice daily (group 1; n = 30) or nitazoxanide 500 mg twice daily (group 2; n = 30) for 24 weeks. During the study period, the patients’ neurological symptoms, mental status, and performance were monitored. The serum levels of HE triggers (ammonia, TNF-α, and octopamine) were assessed. The patients’ health-related quality of life was also evaluated. RESULTS: Six months after treatment, patients on NTZ therapy showed a statistically significant improvement in CHESS score and mental status. NTZ provided 136 days of remission vs 67 days of remission for patients on RFX (P1  = .0001) and significant reduction in Child score (P1  = .018). Additionally, NTZ showed a statistically significant decrease in serum ammonia, TNF-α, and octopamine levels as compared to rifaximin. Regarding QOL, NTZ group showed an improvement in total Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire (CLDQ) score. Both groups experienced minor controllable side effects. CONCLUSION: Nitazoxanide may represent a suitable and safe alternative therapy to rifaximin in preventing the recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy.

Journal of hepato-biliary-pancreatic sciences published new progress about CHESS; hepatic encephalopathy; nitazoxanide; octopamine; quality of life. 55981-09-4 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate, and the molecular formula is C12H9N3O5S, Formula: C12H9N3O5S.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Preibsch, Heike published the artcileAccuracy of Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Compared to Mammography in the Preoperative Detection and Measurement of Pure Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: A Retrospective Analysis., Synthetic Route of 123-29-5, the main research area is BPE; Breast; DCIS; MR Imaging; Mammography.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) hinders imaging detection due to multifocal appearance and discontinuous growth. Preoperative determination of its extent is therefore challenging. Aim of this study was to investigate the additional benefit of breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to mammography (MG) in the diagnosis of DCIS according to size and grading. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 295 patients with biopsy-proven, pure DCIS. Mean patient age was 57.0 years (27-87 years). All patients obtained MG. Additional MRI was performed in 41.7% (123/295). Mammographic breast density, background parenchymal enhancement (BPE), tumor size and grading were analysed. Tumor size on MG and MRI were compared to histopathological size of the surgical specimen. RESULTS: Mean tumor size was 39.6 mm. DCIS was occult on MG in 24.4% (30/123) and on MRI in 1.6% (2/123). Size was underestimated by 4.6 mm (mean) mammographically. DCIS was high grade in 54.5% (67/123), intermediate grade in 40.7% (50/123) and low grade in 4.9% (6/123). MG was exact regarding tumor size in low grade DCIS, underestimated intermediate grade DCIS by 1 mm (median) and high grade DCIS by 10.5 mm. MRI overestimated low grade DCIS by 1 mm (median), was exact regarding intermediate grade DCIS and underestimated high grade DCIS by 1 mm. BPE did not influence tumor detection and measurement. CONCLUSION: MRI outperforms MG in the detection and size estimation of DCIS and can reduce positive margin rates.

Academic radiology published new progress about BPE; Breast; DCIS; MR Imaging; Mammography. 123-29-5 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Ethyl nonanoate, and the molecular formula is C11H22O2, Synthetic Route of 123-29-5.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Castaneda, Daniel published the artcileRisk of Suicide and Self-harm Is Increased After Bariatric Surgery-a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis., HPLC of Formula: 123-29-5, the main research area is Bariatric surgery; Gastric bypass; Laparoscopic band; Obesity; Outcomes; Roux-en-y bypass; Self-harm; Sleeve gastrectomy; Suicide.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery is endorsed by multiple societies as the most effective treatment for obesity. Psychosocial functioning has also been noted to improve for most patients after bariatric surgery. However, some studies have shown an increase in post-operative suicide risk. The aim of this study was to review the published literature and evaluate the association of bariatric surgery with suicide events and suicide/self-harm attempts in patients who have undergone weight loss surgery. METHODS: MEDLINE and Embase were searched from inception through January 2018 for retrospective or prospective studies reporting mortality outcomes and self-harm or suicide rates after bariatric procedures. The primary outcome was the pooled event rate with 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for suicide. Secondary outcomes were suicide/self-harm attempts after bariatric surgery compared to same population prior to surgery and to matched control subjects, with the respective calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% CI. RESULTS: From 227 citations, 32 studies with 148,643 subjects were eligible for inclusion. The patients were predominantly females (76.9%). Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) was the most commonly performed procedure (58.9%). The post-bariatric suicide event rate was 2.7/1000 patients (95% CI 0.0019-0.0038), while the suicide/self-harm attempt event rate was 17/1000 patients (95% CI 0.01-0.03). The self-harm/suicide attempt risk was higher after bariatric surgery within the same population with OR of 1.9 (95% CI 1.23-2.95), and compared to matched control subjects, OR 3.8 (95% CI, 2.19-6.59). CONCLUSIONS: Post-bariatric surgery patients had higher self-harm/suicide attempt risk compared to age-, sex-, and BMI-matched controls. Various pre- and post-surgical psychosocial, pharmacokinetic, physiologic, and medical factors may be involved.

Obesity surgery published new progress about Bariatric surgery; Gastric bypass; Laparoscopic band; Obesity; Outcomes; Roux-en-y bypass; Self-harm; Sleeve gastrectomy; Suicide. 123-29-5 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Ethyl nonanoate, and the molecular formula is C11H22O2, HPLC of Formula: 123-29-5.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Walsh, K. F. published the artcileEarly bactericidal activity trial of nitazoxanide for pulmonary tuberculosis, Product Details of C12H9N3O5S, the main research area is bactericidal activity; nitazoxanide; tuberculosis.

This study was conducted in treatment-naive adults with drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, to assess the safety, bactericidal activity, and pharmacokinetics of nitazoxanide (NTZ). This was a prospective phase II clin. trial in 30 adults with pulmonary tuberculosis. Twenty participants received 1 g of NTZ orally twice daily for 14 days. A control group of 10 participants received standard therapy over 14 days. The primary outcome was the change in time to culture positivity (TTP) in an automated liquid culture system. The most common adverse events seen in the NTZ group were gastrointestinal complaints and headache. The mean change in TTP in sputum over 14 days in the NTZ group was 3.2 h 22.6 h and was not statistically significant (P = 0.56). The mean change in TTP in the standard therapy group was significantly increased, at 134 h 45.2 h (P = 0.0001). The mean NTZ MIC for Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates was 12.3 g/mL; the mean NTZ maximum concentration (Cmax) in plasma was 10.2g/mL. Negligible NTZ levels were measured in sputum. At the doses used, NTZ did not show bactericidal activity against M. tuberculosis. Plasma concentrations of NTZ were below the MIC, and its negligible accumulation in pulmonary sites may explain the lack of bactericidal activity. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT02684240.)

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy published new progress about bactericidal activity; nitazoxanide; tuberculosis. 55981-09-4 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate, and the molecular formula is C12H9N3O5S, Product Details of C12H9N3O5S.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Sgarlata, Eleonora published the artcileChanges in John Cunningham Virus Index in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Treated with Different Disease-Modifying Therapies., Computed Properties of 55981-09-4, the main research area is B cells depleting drugs; JCV index; Multiple sclerosis; PML risk; T cells depleting drugs; disease-modifying therapies; treatment strategy.

BACKGROUND: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an opportunistic infection caused by John Cunningham virus (JCV) reactivation, potentially associated with natalizumab (NTZ) treatment for Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The anti-JCV antibodies titre (JCV index) increases during NTZ treatment; however, the effects of other disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) on the JCV index have not been fully explored. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the JCV index during treatment with several DMTs. METHODS: This longitudinal study evaluated the JCV index before starting DMT (T0) and during treatment with DMT (T1). RESULTS: A total of 260 participants (65.4 % females, mean age 43 ± 11.3 ) were enrolled: 68 (26.2 %) treated with fingolimod (FTY), 65 (25 %) rituximab or ocrelizumab (RTX/OCR), 37 (14.2 %) dimethyl-fumarate (DMF), 29 (11.2 %) cladribine (CLD), 23 (8.8 %) teriflunomide (TFM), 20 (7.7 %) interferon or glatiramer acetate (IFN/GA), and 18 (6.9 %) alemtuzumab (ALM). At T1, the percentage of patients with JCV index <0.90 was found to be significantly increased in the ALM group (16.7 % versus 66.7 %, p = 0.05), while the percentage of patients with JCV index >1.51 was found to be significantly reduced in the RTX/OCR group (51.6 % versus 37.5 %, p = 0.04). In the FTY group, a significant reduction in the percentage of patients with JCV index <0.90 was also found (23.5 % versus 1.4 %, p = 0.0006). The mean JCV index was reduced in the RTX/OCR and ALM groups, while a significant increase was observed in the FTY group. CONCLUSION: DMTs with a T and/or B depleting mechanism of action induced a significant reduction in the JCV index. These results may suggest new possible sequencing strategies potentially maximizing disease control while reducing the PML risk. Current neuropharmacology published new progress about B cells depleting drugs; JCV index; Multiple sclerosis; PML risk; T cells depleting drugs; disease-modifying therapies; treatment strategy. 55981-09-4 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate, and the molecular formula is C12H9N3O5S, Computed Properties of 55981-09-4.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics