Esters-buliding-blocks

Glycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol; they are important in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids and comprising the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. 99769-19-4, formula is C8H9BO4, Name is 3-(Methoxycarbonyl)phenylboronic acid. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Computed Properties of 99769-19-4.

Levitre, Guillaume;Granados, Albert;Cabrera-Afonso, Maria Jesus;Molander, Gary A. research published 《 Synthesis of α-Fluorinated Areneacetates through Photoredox/Copper Dual Catalysis》, the research content is summarized as follows. A metallaphotoredox method for the preparation of α-fluorinated areneacetates R-R¹ [R = 4-MeC₆H₄, 3-FC₆H₄, 4-BrC₆H₄, etc.; R¹ = CFC(O)OEt, CF₂C(O)OEt, CF₂P(O)OEt₂] based on the synergistic combination of Ir/Cu dual catalysis from boronic acids was reported. The mild conditions allowed broad functional group tolerance, including substrates containing aldehydes, free phenols and N-Boc-protected amines. Mechanistic investigations support a process proceeding via photoredox/copper dual catalysis.

Computed Properties of 99769-19-4, 3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C8H9BO4 and its molecular weight is 179.97 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a reactanct that has been involved in a variety of applications. For instance, it has been used in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, Iterative cross-coupling of boronate building blocks, cross-coupling with aryl/ alkenyl sulfonates, synthesis of symmetrical biaryls via CuCl catalyzed homocoupling, trifluoromethylation, and cyanation just to name a few of its many uses.

3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a boronate ligand that has been shown to have an interaction with the nitrogen atoms in amines. This compound is used for the Suzuki coupling reaction, which is a chemical reaction between an organoboron compound and an organic electrophile. 3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid has a helical structure that can be seen by FTIR spectroscopy and it has potent inhibitory activity., 99769-19-4.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. 870-50-8, formula is C10H18N2O4, Name is Di-tert-butyl diazene-1,2-dicarboxylate. They perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Application of C10H18N2O4.

Lei, Jian;Gao, Huaxin;Huang, Miaoling;Liu, Xiao;Mao, Yangfan;Xie, Xiaolan research published 《 Copper-catalyzed stereoselective alkylhydrazination of alkynes》, the research content is summarized as follows. An unprecedented Cu-catalyzed stereoselective alkylhydrazination reaction involving terminal alkynes, azocarboxylic esters as a nitrogen source, and di-Me 2,2′-azobis(2-methylpropionate) and its analogs as a carbon source is presented here. This protocol provides direct access to tri-substituted (E)-alkenyl-hydrazines with good regio- and stereoselectivity under mild conditions. The transformation proceeds without an external oxidant or additives and shows good functional group tolerance. The alkenylhydrazine products could be easily converted into valuable 1,4-dicarbonyl and allyl carboxylic derivatives

870-50-8, Di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate, also known as Di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate, is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C₁₀H₁₈N₂O₄ and its molecular weight is 230.26 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
Di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate is a reagent used in the electrophilic amination of β-keto esters catalyzed by an axially chiral guanidine. Building block in an enantioselective synthesis of 3,6-dihyropyridazines employing organocatalysts such a L-proline or (S)-2-pyrrolidinyl tetrazole. Utilized in the asymmetric Friedel-Crafts amination via a chiral organocatalyst.
Di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate is a reagent used in the preparation of acyl hydrazinedicarboxylates via photoorganocatalytic hydroacylation of dialkyl azodicarboxylates with aldehydes in presence of phenylglyoxylic acid as photocatalyst., Application of C10H18N2O4

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Glycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol; they are important in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids and comprising the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. 99769-19-4, formula is C8H9BO4, Name is 3-(Methoxycarbonyl)phenylboronic acid. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Quality Control of 99769-19-4.

Lee, Sumin;Rovis, Tomislav research published 《 Rh(III)-Catalyzed Three-Component Syn-Carboamination of Alkenes Using Arylboronic Acids and Dioxazolones》, the research content is summarized as follows. A Rh(III)-catalyzed three-component carboamination of alkenes, e.g., 1,4-dihydro-1,4-epoxynaphthalene from readily available aryl boronic acids R¹B(OH)₂ (R¹ = C₆H₅, 1-naphthyl, 2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl, etc.) as a carbon source and dioxazolones I (R² = CH₃, cyclopropyl, 2-cyclohexylethyl, etc.) as nitrogen electrophiles is described. This protocol provides facile access to valuable amine products including α-amino acid derivatives, e.g., II in good yield and regioselectivity without the need for a directing functionality. A series of experiments suggest a mechanism in which the Rh(III) catalyst undergoes transmetalation with the aryl boronic acid, followed by turnover limiting alkene migratory insertion into the Rh(III)-aryl bond. Subsequently, fast Rh-nitrene formation provides the syn-carboamination product selectively after reductive elimination and proto-demetalation. Importantly, the protocol provides three-component coupling products in preference to a variety of two-component undesired byproducts.

Quality Control of 99769-19-4, 3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C8H9BO4 and its molecular weight is 179.97 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a reactanct that has been involved in a variety of applications. For instance, it has been used in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, Iterative cross-coupling of boronate building blocks, cross-coupling with aryl/ alkenyl sulfonates, synthesis of symmetrical biaryls via CuCl catalyzed homocoupling, trifluoromethylation, and cyanation just to name a few of its many uses.

3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a boronate ligand that has been shown to have an interaction with the nitrogen atoms in amines. This compound is used for the Suzuki coupling reaction, which is a chemical reaction between an organoboron compound and an organic electrophile. 3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid has a helical structure that can be seen by FTIR spectroscopy and it has potent inhibitory activity., 99769-19-4.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Glycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol; they are important in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids and comprising the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. 2495-37-6, formula is C11H12O2, Name is Benzyl methacrylate. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Related Products of 2495-37-6.

Le, Hong Tho;Goto, Atsushi research published 《 Halogen-bond-driven supramolecular assemblies of quaternary-ammonium-iodide-containing polymers in three phases》, the research content is summarized as follows. Halogen bonding (XB) opens avenues to supramol. assemblies. Here, the authors report XB-driven supramol. assemblies of quaternary ammonium iodide (QAI)-containing polymers in three (solution, surface, and solid) phases. In the solution, QAI-containing block copolymers form unique self-assembly structures such as micrometer-sized giant vesicles (up to 5-μm diameter) and a 1-dimensional (1D) structure with multiple inter-vesicular linkages via XB. Exploiting the temperature dependence of XB strength, external mols. are successfully loaded and unloaded. On the surface, reversible XB crosslinking and decrosslinking of QAI-containing polymer brushes are achieved. The wettability of the polymer brush is finely tuned by the XB crosslinking d. In solid phase, QAI-containing monomers are co-crystallized (assembled) via XB. A polymer sheet is obtained via the solid-phase polymerization of the monomer co-crystal; the sheet enables capture and release of halogen-containing (XB-coordinating) guest mols. and thereby serves as an innovative host material.

Related Products of 2495-37-6, Benzyl methacrylate, also known as Benzyl methacrylate, is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C11H12O2 and its molecular weight is 176.21 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
Benzyl methacrylate is a chemical compound that belongs to the group of benzyl compounds. It has a copolymer structure with methyl ethyl methacrylate (MEMA) and hydroxyl groups. Benzyl methacrylate is produced by polymerization of benzyl chloride with allyl carbonate in the presence of radiation, forming a polymeric matrix. The morphology of this copolymer depends on the length of the benzyl chains and the concentration of MEMA., 2495-37-6.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. 870-50-8, formula is C10H18N2O4, Name is Di-tert-butyl diazene-1,2-dicarboxylate. They perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. SDS of cas: 870-50-8.

Le Vaillant, Franck;Mateos Calbet, Ana;Gonzalez-Pelayo, Silvia;Reijerse, Edward J.;Ni, Shengyang;Busch, Julia;Cornella, Josep research published 《 Catalytic synthesis of phenols with nitrous oxide》, the research content is summarized as follows. Here, an insertion of N₂O into a Ni-C bond under mild conditions (room temperature, 1.5-2 bar N₂O) for delivering valuable phenols ROH (R = Ph, 4-cyanophenyl, 1-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl, quinolin-6-yl, etc.) and releasing benign N₂ was reported. This fundamentally distinct organometallic C-O bond-forming step differs from the current strategies based on reductive elimination and enables an alternative catalytic approach for the conversion of aryl halides RX (X = I, Br) to phenols. The process was rendered catalytic by means of a bipyridine-based ligands for the Ni center. The method is robust, mild and highly selective, and able to accommodate base-sensitive functionalities as well as permitting phenol synthesis from densely functionalized aryl halides. Although this protocol does not provide a solution to the mitigation of N₂O emissions, it represents a reactivity blueprint for the mild revalorization of abundant N₂O as an O source.

SDS of cas: 870-50-8, Di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate, also known as Di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate, is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C₁₀H₁₈N₂O₄ and its molecular weight is 230.26 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.
Di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate is a reagent used in the electrophilic amination of β-keto esters catalyzed by an axially chiral guanidine. Building block in an enantioselective synthesis of 3,6-dihyropyridazines employing organocatalysts such a L-proline or (S)-2-pyrrolidinyl tetrazole. Utilized in the asymmetric Friedel-Crafts amination via a chiral organocatalyst.
Di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate is a reagent used in the preparation of acyl hydrazinedicarboxylates via photoorganocatalytic hydroacylation of dialkyl azodicarboxylates with aldehydes in presence of phenylglyoxylic acid as photocatalyst., 870-50-8.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Phosphoesters form the backbone of DNA molecules. 99769-19-4, formula is C8H9BO4, Name is 3-(Methoxycarbonyl)phenylboronic acid.Nitrate esters, such as nitroglycerin, are known for their explosive properties. Reference of 99769-19-4.

Lang, Yatao;Peng, Xiangjun;Li, Chao-Jun;Zeng, Huiying research published 《 Photoinduced catalyst-free deborylation-deuteration of arylboronic acids with D₂O》, the research content is summarized as follows. Novel photoinduced catalyst-free deborylation-deuteration of arylboronic acids with D₂O was reported. The protocol was compatible with a variety of functionalities, including halogen, alkoxy, cyano, sulfonyl, trimethylsilyl, trifluoromethoxy, alkyl, hydroxyl, free acid, amide, and heteroaromatic rings. A wide range of deuterated products were obtained in good yields with a high level of deuteration. This method provides a green and practical pathway to synthesize deuterium labeled compounds under mild conditions.

Reference of 99769-19-4, 3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C8H9BO4 and its molecular weight is 179.97 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a reactanct that has been involved in a variety of applications. For instance, it has been used in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, Iterative cross-coupling of boronate building blocks, cross-coupling with aryl/ alkenyl sulfonates, synthesis of symmetrical biaryls via CuCl catalyzed homocoupling, trifluoromethylation, and cyanation just to name a few of its many uses.

3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a boronate ligand that has been shown to have an interaction with the nitrogen atoms in amines. This compound is used for the Suzuki coupling reaction, which is a chemical reaction between an organoboron compound and an organic electrophile. 3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid has a helical structure that can be seen by FTIR spectroscopy and it has potent inhibitory activity., 99769-19-4.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Glycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol; they are important in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids and comprising the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. 99769-19-4, formula is C8H9BO4, Name is 3-(Methoxycarbonyl)phenylboronic acid. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Category: esters-buliding-blocks.

Lam, Long Yin;Ma, Cong research published 《 Chan-Lam-Type C-S Coupling Reaction by Sodium Aryl Sulfinates and Organoboron Compounds》, the research content is summarized as follows. A Chan-Lam-type C-S coupling reaction using sodium aryl sulfinates RS(O)₂Na (R = Ph, naphthalen-2-yl, pyridin-4-yl, pyrimidin-2-yl, etc.) has been developed to provide diaryl thioethers RSR¹ (R¹ = Ph, furan-2-yl, pyridin-4-yl, 2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl, etc.) in up to 92% yields in the presence of a copper catalyst and potassium sulfite. Both electron-rich and electron-poor sodium aryl sulfinates and diverse organoboron compounds R¹X (X = B(OH)₂, BF₃K, tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl) and tri-Ph boroxin, etc. were tolerated for the synthesis of aryl and heteroaryl thioethers and dithioethers such as 1,4-bis(phenylthio)benzene and 1,3-bis(phenylthio)benzene. The mechanistic study suggested that potassium sulfite was involved in the deoxygenation of sulfinate through a radical process.

99769-19-4, 3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C8H9BO4 and its molecular weight is 179.97 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a reactanct that has been involved in a variety of applications. For instance, it has been used in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, Iterative cross-coupling of boronate building blocks, cross-coupling with aryl/ alkenyl sulfonates, synthesis of symmetrical biaryls via CuCl catalyzed homocoupling, trifluoromethylation, and cyanation just to name a few of its many uses.

3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a boronate ligand that has been shown to have an interaction with the nitrogen atoms in amines. This compound is used for the Suzuki coupling reaction, which is a chemical reaction between an organoboron compound and an organic electrophile. 3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid has a helical structure that can be seen by FTIR spectroscopy and it has potent inhibitory activity., Category: esters-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. 99769-19-4, formula is C8H9BO4, Name is 3-(Methoxycarbonyl)phenylboronic acid. They perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Safety of 3-(Methoxycarbonyl)phenylboronic acid.

Lakshmidevi, Jangam;Vakati, Venkateswarlu;Ramesh Naidu, Bandameeda;Raghavender, M.;Rao, K. S. V. Krishna;Venkateswarlu, Katta research published 《 Pd(5%)-KIT-6, Pd(5%)-SBA-15 and Pd(5%)-SBA-16 catalysts in water extract of pomegranate ash: A case study in heterogenization of Suzuki-Miyaura reaction under external base and ligand free conditions》, the research content is summarized as follows. Real heterogenization of Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling (SMC) is arduous quest owing to unavoidable homogeneous mechanism of heterogeneous catalysts. This article reports a study of heterogenization of SMC using mesoporous silica supported Pd-nanoparticles (Pd-NPs) under ligand and external base free conditions. Pd-mesoporous silica catalysts such as Pd-KIT-6, Pd (5%)-SBA-16 and Pd (5%)-SBA-15 were synthesized and studied for SMC in water extract of pomegranate ash (WEPA). Pd (5%)-KIT-6 was the best amongst, and successful reusability of Pd (5%)-KIT-6 and hot-filtration experiments indicated its high stability, conveys pure heterogenous mechanism over inevitable homogenous mechanism. The large choice of substrates, high stability of the catalyst in green and renewable medium & base systems, and absence of ligands are the luminary potencies of this inquest.

Safety of 3-(Methoxycarbonyl)phenylboronic acid, 3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C8H9BO4 and its molecular weight is 179.97 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a reactanct that has been involved in a variety of applications. For instance, it has been used in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, Iterative cross-coupling of boronate building blocks, cross-coupling with aryl/ alkenyl sulfonates, synthesis of symmetrical biaryls via CuCl catalyzed homocoupling, trifluoromethylation, and cyanation just to name a few of its many uses.

3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a boronate ligand that has been shown to have an interaction with the nitrogen atoms in amines. This compound is used for the Suzuki coupling reaction, which is a chemical reaction between an organoboron compound and an organic electrophile. 3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid has a helical structure that can be seen by FTIR spectroscopy and it has potent inhibitory activity., 99769-19-4.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Glycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol; they are important in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids and comprising the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. 99769-19-4, formula is C8H9BO4, Name is 3-(Methoxycarbonyl)phenylboronic acid. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. HPLC of Formula: 99769-19-4.

Lakshmidevi, Jangam;Naidu, Bandameeda Ramesh;Venkateswarlu, Katta research published 《 CuI in biorenewable basic medium: Three novel and low E-factor Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reactions》, the research content is summarized as follows. Three inexpensive and novel copper-catalyzed C(sp²)-C(sp²) coupling reactions of substituted aryl/heteroaryl halides with arylboronic acids was described by employing water extract of pomegranate ash (WEPA) as biorenewable base and aqueous reaction medium. CuI/WEPA, CuI/WEPA/DABCO, CuI/WEPA/SPhos Catalytic systems were developed for the present Suzuki-Miyaura coupling. WEPA was found to be the effective base and reaction medium for copper-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura reactions with and without ligands to provide good to high yields of coupling products. This method had remarkable advantages like inexpensive and waste-derived biorenewable base, low catalyst loading, moderate temperature, replacement of precious palladium with abundant copper, no or negligible contamination of copper in products, low E-factor, high chemoselectivity and a large substrate scope.

99769-19-4, 3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C8H9BO4 and its molecular weight is 179.97 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a reactanct that has been involved in a variety of applications. For instance, it has been used in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, Iterative cross-coupling of boronate building blocks, cross-coupling with aryl/ alkenyl sulfonates, synthesis of symmetrical biaryls via CuCl catalyzed homocoupling, trifluoromethylation, and cyanation just to name a few of its many uses.

3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a boronate ligand that has been shown to have an interaction with the nitrogen atoms in amines. This compound is used for the Suzuki coupling reaction, which is a chemical reaction between an organoboron compound and an organic electrophile. 3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid has a helical structure that can be seen by FTIR spectroscopy and it has potent inhibitory activity., HPLC of Formula: 99769-19-4

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Glycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol; they are important in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids and comprising the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. 99769-19-4, formula is C8H9BO4, Name is 3-(Methoxycarbonyl)phenylboronic acid. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Electric Literature of 99769-19-4.

Kwong, Ada J.;Pham, Thao N. D.;Oelschlager, Hannah E.;Munshi, Hidayatullah G.;Scheidt, Karl A. research published 《 Rational Design, Optimization, and Biological Evaluation of Novel MEK4 Inhibitors against Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma》, the research content is summarized as follows. Growth, division, and development of healthy cells relies on efficient response to environmental survival cues. The conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family of pathways interface extracellular stimuli to intracellular processes for this purpose. Within these pathways, the MEK family has been identified as a target of interest due to its clin. relevance. Particularly, MEK4 has drawn recent attention for its indications in pancreatic and prostate cancers. Here, we report two potent MEK4 inhibitors demonstrating significant reduction of phospho-JNK and antiproliferative properties against pancreatic cancer cell lines. Furthermore, mol. inhibition of MEK4 pathway activates the MEK1/2 pathway, with the combination of MEK1/2 and MEK4 inhibitors demonstrating synergistic effects against pancreatic cancer cells. Our inhibitors provided insight into the crosstalk between MAPK pathways and new tools for elucidating the roles of MEK4 in disease states, findings which will pave the way for better understanding of the MAPK pathways and development of addnl. probes.

99769-19-4, 3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C8H9BO4 and its molecular weight is 179.97 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a reactanct that has been involved in a variety of applications. For instance, it has been used in Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, Iterative cross-coupling of boronate building blocks, cross-coupling with aryl/ alkenyl sulfonates, synthesis of symmetrical biaryls via CuCl catalyzed homocoupling, trifluoromethylation, and cyanation just to name a few of its many uses.

3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid is a boronate ligand that has been shown to have an interaction with the nitrogen atoms in amines. This compound is used for the Suzuki coupling reaction, which is a chemical reaction between an organoboron compound and an organic electrophile. 3-Methoxycarbonylphenylboronic acid has a helical structure that can be seen by FTIR spectroscopy and it has potent inhibitory activity., Electric Literature of 99769-19-4

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics