Category: esters-buliding-blocks

Fucose-Galactose Polymers Inhibit Cholera Toxin Binding to Fucosylated Structures and Galactose-Dependent Intoxication of Human Enteroids was written by Cervin, Jakob;Boucher, Andrew;Youn, Gyusaang;Bjoerklund, Per;Wallenius, Ville;Mottram, Lynda;Sampson, Nicole S.;Yrlid, Ulf. And the article was included in ACS Infectious Diseases in 2020.Safety of (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate This article mentions the following:

A promising strategy to limit cholera severity involves blockers mimicking the canonical cholera toxin ligand (CT) ganglioside GM1. However, to date the efficacies of most of these blockers have been evaluated in noncellular systems that lack ligands other than GM1. Importantly, the CT B subunit (CTB) has a noncanonical site that binds fucosylated structures, which in contrast to GM1 are highly expressed in the human intestine. Here we evaluate the capacity of norbornene polymers displaying galactose and/or fucose to block CTB binding to immobilized protein-linked glycan structures and also to primary human and murine small intestine epithelial cells (SI ECs). We show that the binding of CTB to human SI ECs is largely dependent on the noncanonical binding site, and interference with the canonical site has a limited effect while the opposite is observed with murine SI ECs. The galactose-fucose polymer blocks binding to fucosylated glycans but not to GM1. However, the preincubation of CT with the galactose-fucose polymer only partially blocks toxic effects on cultured human enteroid cells, while preincubation with GM1 completely blocks CT-mediated secretion. Our results support a model whereby the binding of fucose to the noncanonical site places CT in close proximity to scarcely expressed galactose receptors such as GM1 to enable binding via the canonical site leading to CT internalization and intoxication. Our finding also highlights the importance of complementing CTB binding studies with functional intoxication studies when assessing the efficacy inhibitors of CT. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 4163-60-4Safety of (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate).

(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 4163-60-4) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Because of their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability, esters do not self-associate. Consequently, esters are more volatile than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.Safety of (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Encapsulation of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) essential oil for controlled release in the non-alcoholic beverage application was written by Su, Xueqian;Xu, Yixiang;Xu, Zhiyuan;Hurley, Ken;Feng, Yiming;Yin, Yun. And the article was included in Food Hydrocolloids in 2023.Product Details of 105-87-3 This article mentions the following:

In order to increase the stability of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) essential oil (HEO) and diversify its application into hot beverages, CAPSUL, modified food starch, was used as the wall material to encapsulate HEO at the mass ratio of 2:1 through spray drying under 180°C. The resultant microcapsules were applied to the non-alc. hop tea for the first time and their release kinetics in this matrix were analyzed by gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results showed that the reconstituted HEO emulsion possessed fine droplet size (3.295μm) and high zeta potential (-22.50 mV). The resultant HEO microcapsules exhibited low moisture content (1.249%), suitable bulk d. (0.2934 g/mL), good swelling capacity (2.235 g/g dry solids), low color difference (6.310), desirable morphol. characteristics, high encapsulation efficiency (92.02-95.45%) and high flavor retention (57.13-71.15%). Each target aroma compound had its specific release behavior and mechanism from HEO microcapsules, among which β-myrcene and Me octanoate showed the highest and lowest cumulative release resp. This might be associated with their different volatilities, polarities, function groups and mol. sizes, or their varying hydrogen-bond formation capability at the entrance of starch helix. Most importantly, HEO microcapsules showed significant aroma increasing and stabilizing effects on the hop tea product during storage. These ideal characteristics of HEO microcapsules demonstrated the great potential of diverse essential oil microcapsules as the promising flavoring agents in a variety of hot beverage matrixes. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (E)-3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl acetate (cas: 105-87-3Product Details of 105-87-3).

(E)-3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl acetate (cas: 105-87-3) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits. Esters are more polar than ethers but less polar than alcohols. They participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding confers some water-solubility.Product Details of 105-87-3

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Iron-Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Esters was written by Bezier, David;Venkanna, Gopaladasu T.;Castro, Luis C. Misal;Zheng, Jianxia;Roisnel, Thierry;Sortais, Jean-Baptiste;Darcel, Christophe. And the article was included in Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis in 2012.COA of Formula: C7H8O2S This article mentions the following:

The first hydrosilylation of esters catalyzed by a well defined iron complex has been developed. Esters are converted to the corresponding alcs. at 100 °C, under solvent-free conditions and visible light activation. E.g., in presence of [CpFe(PCy3)(CO)₂]BF₄, hydrosilylation of 4-MeC₆H₄CH₂CO₂Me gave 70% 4-MeC₆H₄CH₂CH₂OH. PhSiH₃ was used as the reductant. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Methyl 2-thienylacetate (cas: 19432-68-9COA of Formula: C7H8O2S).

Methyl 2-thienylacetate (cas: 19432-68-9) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Esterification is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants (typically an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product. Esters are common in organic chemistry and biological materials.COA of Formula: C7H8O2S

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Etherlike compounds. XXVII. Turbid phases in compounds with reactivity minimums was written by Palomaa, Matti H.;Mikkila, Irma. And the article was included in Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft [Abteilung] B: Abhandlungen in 1942.SDS of cas: 1190-39-2 This article mentions the following:

In a study of the m.ps. and viscosities of esters of the oxalic acid series, it was observed that the esters of CH₂(CO₂H)₂ showed a region of turbidity before they solidified. The m.ps. and clearing points of the esters were: Me₂ -61.9°, -42.4°; Et₂ -48.9°, -40.3°; Pr₂ -77.1°, -62.9°; Bu₂ -95 ± 5°, -45.8°; Am₂ -54.9°, -34.0°. The dioctyl and di-iso-Pr esters melt clear at -6.3° and -50.7°. Esters of (CO₂H)₂, (CH₂CO₂H)₂ and (CH₂)₄(CO₂H)₂ do not show this behavior; m.ps. of the Me, Et, Pr, Bu and Am esters are given, together with reported values. The viscosity of CH₂(CO₂Me)₂ increased from 34.3 to 178.1 sec. in decreasing its temperature from 20° to -28.8° and from 225.9 to 1716.5 sec. in the range -34.90 to -57°. For the clear phase (20° to -31°) the viscosity of CH₂(CO₂Am)₂ increases from 17.9 to 154.6 sec.; for the turbid phase (-37° to -60°) the change is from 231 to 1896.8 sec. Data are given for the viscosities of (CO₂Am)₂, CH₂(CO₂Am)₂ and (CH₂CO₂Am)₂, using the same viscometer; the relative viscosity of the last ester is much greater than for the other two. The occurrence of the turbid phase is believed to be the result of a decreased cohesive power because of intermol. or intramol. saturation In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, malonic acid dibutyl ester (cas: 1190-39-2SDS of cas: 1190-39-2).

malonic acid dibutyl ester (cas: 1190-39-2) belongs to esters. Esters are also usually derived from carboxylic acids. It may also be obtained by reaction of acid anhydride or acid halides with alcohols or by the reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides. Because of their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability, esters do not self-associate. Consequently, esters are more volatile than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.SDS of cas: 1190-39-2

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Floral volatile components and its release amount in different flowering stage of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge was written by Hu, Yang;Li, Gangtie;Wang, Qianyu;Zhang, Ling;Li, Shanshan;Wang, Liangsheng;Wu, Zhiyan. And the article was included in Dongbei Linye Daxue Xuebao in 2021.Category: esters-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

The petals Xanthoceras sorbifolium bunge with white flower type without fragrance (W-N-1), white flower type with fragrance (W-Y-1, W-Y-2), safflower flower type without fragrance (R-N-1) and safflower flower type with fragrance (R-Y-1) were selected as test materials. Volatiles of the above materials were qual. and quant. detected with 3-octanol as an internal standard by HS-SPME-GC-MS. A total of 42 compounds were identified, and they were divided into 7 categories including 16 terpenoids, 9 alcs., 7 esters, 5 aldehydes, 3 alkanes, 1 ketones and 1 N-containing compounds The composition of aroma components and their relative contents of different types of X. sorbifolium at different flowering stages are quite different. The composition of aroma components of white flower type is richer than that of red flower type. The difference between scented and unscented X. sorbifolium is mainly the presence and absence of linalool. On the whole, alc. and terpene are the key components of flower fragrance, and the main component is linalool. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (cas: 118-61-6Category: esters-buliding-blocks).

Ethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (cas: 118-61-6) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Cyclic esters are called lactones, regardless of whether they are derived from an organic or inorganic acid. One example of an organic lactone is γ-valerolactone.Category: esters-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Post-storage changes of volatile compounds in air- and sun-dried raisins with different packaging materials using HS-SPME with GC/MS was written by Javed, Hafiz Umer;Wang, Dong;Wu, Guang-Feng;Kaleem, Qari Muhammad;Duan, Chang-Qing;Shi, Ying. And the article was included in Food Research International in 2019.Formula: C9H10O3 This article mentions the following:

Free- and bound-form volatiles in sun-dried raisins (SDRs) and air-dried raisins (ADRs) of ‘Thompson Seedless’ were analyzed by gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 mo of storage. The compounds originating from glycosidically bound (GB) volatiles were significantly more abundant in bound-form than their free-form. A total of 89 and 88 free-form compounds were identified in ADRs and SDRs, resp. Overall, higher concentration of unsaturated fatty-acid-oxidation (UFAO) and Maillard reaction (MR) compounds were observed in the SDRs. The plastic and woven bags have an insignificant effect on the volatiles in the raisins. The main characteristics of ADR aroma were floral and fruity, while fatty, roasted, and chem. aromas were prominent in SDRs. With the exception of chem. aroma, the aromatic series (fruity, floral, herbaceous and roasted) increased during the storage duration and become more compelling in 12 mo. The packaging materials have similar effect on aromatic series, except fruity note, which was higher in woven bag. The main floral and fruity aroma contributors were decanal, β-ionone, Et hexanoate, β-damascenone, and 1-octen-3-ol. Herein we identified UFAO and MR compounds as the main contributors of raisin aromas. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (cas: 118-61-6Formula: C9H10O3).

Ethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (cas: 118-61-6) belongs to esters. Volatile esters with characteristic odours are used in synthetic flavours, perfumes, and cosmetics. Certain volatile esters are used as solvents for lacquers, paints, and varnishes. Esters are more polar than ethers but less polar than alcohols. They participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding confers some water-solubility.Formula: C9H10O3

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Pregnane X Receptor Mediates Atherosclerosis Induced by Dicyclohexyl Phthalate in LDL Receptor-Deficient Mice was written by Liu, Jingwei;Hernandez, Rebecca;Li, Xiuchun;Meng, Zhaojie;Chen, Hong;Zhou, Changcheng. And the article was included in Cells in 2022.HPLC of Formula: 84-61-7 This article mentions the following:

Plastic-associated endocrine disrupting chems. (EDCs) have been implicated in the etiol. of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in humans, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP) is a widely used phthalate plasticizer; whether and how exposure to DCHP elicits adverse effects in vivo is mostly unknown. We previously reported that DCHP is a potent ligand of the pregnane X receptor (PXR) which acts as a xenobiotic sensor to regulate xenobiotic metabolism PXR also functions in macrophages to regulate atherosclerosis development in animal models. In the current study, LDL receptor-deficient mice with myeloid-specific PXR deficiency (PXRΔMyeLDLR-/-) and their control littermates (PXRF/FLDLR-/-) were used to determine the impact of DCHP exposure on macrophage function and atherosclerosis. Chronic exposure to DCHP significantly increased atherosclerotic lesion area in the aortic root and brachiocephalic artery of PXRF/FLDLR-/- mice by 65% and 77%, resp. By contrast, DCHP did not affect atherosclerosis development in PXRΔMyeLDLR-/- mice. Exposure to DCHP led to elevated expression of the scavenger receptor CD36 in macrophages and increased macrophage form cell formation in PXRF/FLDLR-/- mice. Our findings provide potential mechanisms underlying phthalate-associated CVD risk and will ultimately stimulate further investigations and mitigation of the adverse effects of plastic-associated EDCs on CVD risk in humans. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Dicyclohexyl phthalate (cas: 84-61-7HPLC of Formula: 84-61-7).

Dicyclohexyl phthalate (cas: 84-61-7) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides alcoholysis is another way to produce esters. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with alcohols to produce esters. Anydrous conditions are recommended since both acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with water.HPLC of Formula: 84-61-7

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Synthesis of Cross-Conjugated Polyenes via Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative C-C Bond Forming Cascade Reactions of Allenes was written by Naidu, Veluru Ramesh;Baeckvall, Jan-E.. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2020.Application of 17920-23-9 This article mentions the following:

An efficient palladium-catalyzed oxidative C-C bond forming cascade reaction of allenes involving a coupling between an enallene and an allenyne followed by a carbocyclization of the generated Pd-intermediate was developed. This cascade reaction afforded functionalized cross-conjugated polyenes. The enallene is initially activated by palladium and reacts with the allenyne to give the cross-conjugated polyenes. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Diethyl 2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)malonate (cas: 17920-23-9Application of 17920-23-9).

Diethyl 2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)malonate (cas: 17920-23-9) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides alcoholysis is another way to produce esters. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with alcohols to produce esters. Anydrous conditions are recommended since both acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with water.Application of 17920-23-9

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Rapid Discovery and Structure-Activity Profiling of Novel Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Enabled by the Copper(I)-Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,2,3-Triazoles and Their Further Functionalization was written by Whiting, Matthew;Tripp, Jonathan C.;Lin, Ying-Chuan;Lindstrom, William;Olson, Arthur J.;Elder, John H.;Sharpless, K. Barry;Fokin, Valery V.. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2006.Formula: C16H24N2O4 This article mentions the following:

Building from the results of a computational screen of a range of triazole-containing compounds for binding efficiency to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease (HIV-1-Pr), a novel series of potent inhibitors has been developed. The copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), which provides ready access to 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles, was used to unite a focused library of azide-containing fragments with a diverse array of functionalized alkyne-containing building blocks. In combination with direct screening of the crude reaction products, this method led to the rapid identification of a lead structure and readily enabled optimization of both azide and alkyne fragments. Replacement of the triazole with a range of alternative linkers led to greatly reduced protease inhibition; however, further functionalization of the triazoles at the 5-position gave a series of compounds with increased activity, exhibiting K_i values as low as 8 nM. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (S)-tert-Butyl (1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate (cas: 87694-53-9Formula: C16H24N2O4).

(S)-tert-Butyl (1-(methoxy(methyl)amino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)carbamate (cas: 87694-53-9) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides alcoholysis is another way to produce esters. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with alcohols to produce esters. Anydrous conditions are recommended since both acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with water.Formula: C16H24N2O4

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Chiral Iridium Catalysts Bearing Spiro Pyridine-Aminophosphine Ligands Enable Highly Efficient Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β-Aryl β-Ketoesters was written by Xie, Jian-Hua;Liu, Xiao-Yan;Yang, Xiao-Hui;Xie, Jian-Bo;Wang, Li-Xin;Zhou, Qi-Lin. And the article was included in Angewandte Chemie, International Edition in 2012.Synthetic Route of C12H14O3 This article mentions the following:

A highly efficient asym. hydrogenation of β-dicarbonyl compounds, including β-ketoesters, β-ketoamides and β-diketones, catalyzed by iridium complexes with SpiroPAP (spiro pyridine-aminophosphine) ligands is reported. The reaction provides β-hydroxy esters/amides and diols in excellent enantioselectivity (up to 99.8% ee) and extremely high TONs (up to 1230000), which represents the highest level of efficiency in the asym. hydrogenation of β-ketoesters. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl 3-oxo-3-(m-tolyl)propanoate (cas: 33166-79-9Synthetic Route of C12H14O3).

Ethyl 3-oxo-3-(m-tolyl)propanoate (cas: 33166-79-9) belongs to esters. Carboxylic acid esters of low molecular weight are colourless, volatile liquids with pleasant odours, slightly soluble in water. Liquid esters of low volatility serve as softening agents for resins and plastics. Esters also include many industrially important polymers. Polymethyl methacrylate is a glass substitute sold under the names Lucite and Plexiglas; polyethylene terephthalate is used as a film (Mylar) and as textile fibres sold as Terylene, Fortrel, and Dacron.Synthetic Route of C12H14O3

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics