Category: esters-buliding-blocks

di Bitonto, Luigi published the artcileDirect Lewis-Bronsted acid ethanolysis of sewage sludge for production of liquid fuels, Safety of Ethyl 4-oxopentanoate, the main research area is liquid fuel sewage sludge ethanolysis catalytic wastewater treatment.

Ethanolysis carried out under Lewis-Bronsted acid catalysis was investigated as a possible process to valorize the organic fraction of urban sewage sludge, with the aim of selectively obtaining liquid biofuels. In a single reactive step, the conversion of lipids into fatty acid Et esters, of carbohydrates into Et levulinate, furanic compounds and Et glycosides and of proteins into Et ester of amino acids was achieved. The optimization of reactive conditions was conducted using pure chems. as model compounds The effect of the co-presence of water was also considered. Then, real samples of sewage sludge (as dried and wet centrifuged samples) were reacted in ethanol in the presence of the appropriate combination of homogeneous Lewis-Bronsted acid catalysts, namely 1%wt aluminum chloride hexahydrate and sulfuric acid respect to ethanol. After 6 h at 453 K, 99% of lipids and almost 60% of initial complex sugars were effectively converted into the abovementioned target products. Conversions and yields were quite similar to those obtained by reacting pure compounds singularly, confirming the robustness of the process and its applicability to differently composed sludge. At the end of the reaction, products were easily recovered and purified from the alc. phase, whereas only a very limited amount of solids remain as inert materials. Final refined biofuels have high calorific values (37 and 40 MJ kg-1) and actually represent the 68.5 and 59.2% of the initial energy content of starting sludge, resp. This strategy combines valorization of the starting organic fraction of sewage sludge and a considerable reduction of final solid waste (in a stabilized form) to be disposed of. Finally, through a preliminary feasibility study, this acid ethanolysis resulted in a competitive alternative to the anaerobic digestion of mixed sewage sludge to obtain biofuels.

Applied Energy published new progress about Biofuels. 539-88-8 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Ethyl 4-oxopentanoate, and the molecular formula is C7H12O3, Safety of Ethyl 4-oxopentanoate.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Zhang, Qingqing published the artcileHierarchically porous Bronsted acidic ionic liquid functionalized nitrogen-doped carbons for pyrolysis biofuel upgrading via esterification of acetic acid with high boiling point alcohols, Quality Control of 140-11-4, the main research area is nitrogen carbon pyrolysis biofuel Bronsted acetic acid IL esterification.

Bronsted acidic ionic liquid (BAIL) functionalized hierarchically porous nitrogen-doped carbons (NHPCs) with interesting 3D interconnected macro-meso-microporous structure are successfully prepared by chem. bonding -[C3][SO3CF-3] (C3 = PrSO3H) groups throughout the NHPC supports that are obtained via a single step CaCO3 nanoparticle-directed nanocasting approach combined with K2C2O4 chem. activation and urea/melamine self-activation during the process of carbonization of glucose and urea/melamine. By changing initial urea-to-glucose weight ratio in the preparation systems, the macro/meso/micropore proportion of the resulting GU-[C3N][SO3CF3] catalysts are well-adjusted. The morphol. characteristics, porosity properties and chem. structure of the prepared catalysts are well-characterized so that the contribution of the synergistic effect of CaCO3 nanoparticle and K2C2O4 to the formation of hierarchically porous structure is revealed. Owing to super strong Bronsted acidity and unique hierarchically porous structure of the catalysts, they exhibit excellent heterogeneous acid catalytic activity in raw pyrolysis biofuel upgrading via esterification of acetic acid with high b.p. benzyl alc. or 4-methoxybenzyl alc. in toluene media, and therefore high acetic acid removal efficiency and efficient production of value-added benzyl acetate or 4-methoxybenzyl acetate are obtained simultaneously. The catalysts also show good reusability in target reactions, attributing to chem. interactions between BAILs and NHPC supports.

Applied Catalysis, A: General published new progress about Biofuels. 140-11-4 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Benzyl acetate, and the molecular formula is C9H10O2, Quality Control of 140-11-4.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Wu, Qingdan published the artcileThermochemical liquefaction of pig manure: Factors influencing on oil, Safety of Ethyl pentadecanoate, the main research area is thermochem liquefaction pig manure factor oil.

This study used thermochem. liquefaction technol. to prepare bio-oil from pig manure with ethanol as liquefaction solvent. The work investigated the effects of liquefaction temperatures (T), solid-liquid rates (R1) and solvent filling rates (R2) on the yield, composition and property of bio-oil. The yield of bio-oil enhanced initially and then declined slightly with the enhancement of T and R2, nevertheless, the yield of bio-oil decreased constantly with the increase of R1, and the topmost yield of bio-oil in this experiment was 35.56% when the solid-liquid rate was 5%. The work studied the properties of bio-oil generated by pig manure under different liquefaction temperatures The results of gas chromatog.-mass spectroscopy anal. revealed that the dominating composition of bio-oil from pig manure were esters, long-chain hydrocarbons, ketones, ethanol, organic acids and nitrogen compounds The heating value of bio-oil (34.39 ∼ 37.03 MJ/kg) obtained by thermochem. liquefaction of pig manure was close to the heating value of gasoline (46 MJ/kg). Electronic scanning of liquefaction residue has also been reported.

Fuel published new progress about Biofuels. 41114-00-5 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Ethyl pentadecanoate, and the molecular formula is C17H34O2, Safety of Ethyl pentadecanoate.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Dagaut, Philippe published the artcileEmission of carbonyl and polyaromatic hydrocarbon pollutants from the combustion of liquid fuels: impact of biofuel blending, Formula: C9H18O2, the main research area is carbonyl polyaromatic hydrocarbon biofuel pollutant combustion.

The combustion of conventional fuels (diesel and Jet A-1) with 10-20% vol oxygenated biofuels (ethanol, 1-butanol, Me octanoate, rapeseed oil Me ester (RME), di-Et carbonate, tri(propylene glycol)methyl ether, i.e., CH3(OC3H6)3OH, and 2,5-dimethylfuran (2,5-DMF)) and a synthetic paraffinic kerosene (SPK) was studied. The experiments were performed using an atm. pressure laboratory premixed flame and a four-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine operating at 1500 rpm. Soot samples from kerosene blends were collected above a premixed flame for anal. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were extracted from the soot samples. After fractioning, they were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatog. (HPLC) with UV and fluorescence detectors. C1 to C8 carbonyl compounds (CBCs) were collected at the diesel engine exhaust on 2,4- dinitrophenylhydrazine coated cartridges (DNPH) and analyzed by HPLC with UV detection. The data indicated that blending conventional fuels with biofuels has a significant impact on the emission of both CBCs and PAHs adsorbed on soot. The global concentration of 18 PAHs (1-methyl-naphthalene, 2-methyl-naphthalene, and the 16 U.S. priority EPA PAHs) on soot was considerably lowered using oxygenated fuels, except 2,5-DMF. Conversely, the total carbonyl emission increased by oxygenated biofuels blending. Among them, ethanol and 1-butanol were found to increase considerably the emissions of CBCs.

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power published new progress about Biofuels. 111-11-5 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Methyl octanoate, and the molecular formula is C9H18O2, Formula: C9H18O2.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Wang, Zheng published the artcileRuthenium-catalyzed hydrogenation of CO2 as a route to methyl esters for use as biofuels or fine chemicals, Recommanded Product: Methyl decanoate, the main research area is carbon dioxide hydrogenation methyl ester ruthenium catalyst.

A novel robust diphosphine-ruthenium(II) complex has been developed that can efficiently catalyze both the hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol and its in situ condensation with carboxylic acids to form Me esters; a TON of up to 3260 is achievable for the CO2 to methanol step. Both aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids can be transformed to their corresponding Me esters with high conversion and selectivity (17 aliphatic and 18 aromatic examples). On the basis of a series of experiments, a mechanism has been proposed to account for the various steps involved in the catalytic pathway. More importantly, this approach provides a promising route for using CO2 as a C1 source for the production of biofuels, fine chems. and methanol.

Chemical Science published new progress about Biofuels. 110-42-9 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Methyl decanoate, and the molecular formula is C11H22O2, Recommanded Product: Methyl decanoate.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Rasulov, Suleiman M. published the artcileHigh-temperature and high-pressure density and liquid-vapor phase transition properties of methyl octanoate as main biofuel component, Safety of Methyl octanoate, the main research area is methyl octanoate temperature pressure density liquid vapor phase transition.

Thermodn. properties of compressed fuels as d. at liquids phase (PρT data) and two liquids-gas phases as saturated pressure, d., and temperature (PS,ρS,TS) are extremely important for engine performance as well as the transportation and storage of fuels. In this work single – and two-phase PρT data and liquid + gas phase equilibrium properties (PS,TS,ρS) of Me octanoate (caprylate) as one of the key components of biofuels have been studied. The measurements were performed along 15 liquid and vapor isochores between (44.7 and 832.0) kg·m-3 over a temperature range from (298 to 438) K at pressures up to 17.33 MPa using a constant-volume piezometer technique. The study was concentrated in the two-phase region to accurately determine vapor-pressures and in the immediate vicinity of the phase-transition temperatures to precisely determine the phase boundary properties (PS,ρS,TS) on the liquid + gas equilibrium curve. In the low temperature range (far from the critical point) where the values of vapor-pressure are negligible small (<1 kPa, approx. at temperatures below 350 K), the saturated vapor phase of Me octanoate was considered as ideal gas with volume of VG = RT/PS and ΔVLG ≈ VG = RT/PS, where the saturated liquid volume can be neglected, VG > > VL. This approach was used to simplify the calculation of the thermodn. properties of Me octanoate at saturation

Fuel published new progress about Biofuels. 111-11-5 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Methyl octanoate, and the molecular formula is C9H18O2, Safety of Methyl octanoate.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Heda, Jidnyasa published the artcileEfficient Synergetic Combination of H-USY and SnO2 for Direct Conversion of Glucose into Ethyl Levulinate (Biofuel Additive), SDS of cas: 539-88-8, the main research area is Lewis acidity catalyst glucose conversion Et levulinate preparation.

Et levulinate (EL), a biofuel additive for petroleum and biodiesel can also be used as a 100% fuel to replace petroleum diesel with the existing diesel engine. The major problem to make the EL process economical is the lack of a proper conversion technol. to convert C6 sugars such as glucose with higher yield of EL as well as process which can tolerate higher glucose concentration to increase productivity. The present study highlighted the catalytic synthesis of EL from glucose over synergetic combination of zeolite H-USY and Lewis acidic catalysts such as Sn-beta, TiO2, ZrO2, and SnO2. Because of the strong Lewis acidic nature and the subsequent enhancement in the isomerization rate from glucosides to fructosides, the synergetic combination of H-USY with SnO2 showed higher EL yield than the combination with other Lewis acidic catalysts. So far, the highest EL yield of 81% from glucose (50 g/L) at 180 °C in 3 h was achieved over the optimal combination of 95% H-USY and 5% SnO2 having strong/weak acidity and B/L ratios of 1.30 and 0.75, resp. The study was further extended for establishing the proposed reaction mechanism without the formation of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural, levulinic acid, and formic acid which makes the overall process clean and green.

Energy & Fuels published new progress about Biofuels. 539-88-8 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Ethyl 4-oxopentanoate, and the molecular formula is C7H12O3, SDS of cas: 539-88-8.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Kass, Michael D. published the artcileCompatibility of Biologically Derivable Alcohols, Alkanes, Esters, Ketones, and an Ether as Diesel Blendstocks with Fuel System Elastomers, SDS of cas: 110-42-9, the main research area is compatibility biol derivable alc alkanes ester ketone ether diesel.

The compatibility of 11 bioderivable diesel blendstocks with 17 elastomer materials common to fuel storage, dispensing, and delivery systems was evaluated though volume and hardness measurements. The blendstocks included two alcs. (1-octanol and 1-nonanol), two acid esters (Me decanoate and hexyl hexanoate), tri(propylene glycol) Me ether (TPM), butylcyclohexane, two ketones (2-nonanone and 2-pentanone), biodiesel, and renewable diesel. Each blendstock was blended with diesel in concentrations of 0, 10, 20, and 30 wt %. The elastomers included two fluorocarbons, six acrylonitrile butadiene rubbers (NBRs), and one each of fluorosilicone, neoprene, polyurethane, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), hydrogenated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR), a blend of NBR and PVC (OZO), epichlorohydrin/ethylene oxide (ECO), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), and silicone. Specimens of each elastomer material were immersed in the test fuels for a period of 4 wk and measured for volume and hardness. Afterward, they were dried at 60°C for 20 h and remeasured. The results showed that the alkanes, esters, and alcs. were suitable with many of the elastomers. For some materials, such as neoprene, these blendstocks improved the compatibility compared to neat diesel. In contrast, the ketones and TPM produced unsuitable volume expansion (>30%) and softening in many of the elastomers including the high-performance fluoroelastomers. Anal. of the results showed that the swelling behavior is predominantly due to polarity of the elastomer and test fuels.

Energy & Fuels published new progress about Biofuels. 110-42-9 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Methyl decanoate, and the molecular formula is C11H22O2, SDS of cas: 110-42-9.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Liu, Yuan published the artcilePreparation of carbonyl precursors for long-chain oxygenated fuels from cellulose ethanolysis catalyzed by metal oxides, Product Details of C4H8O3, the main research area is metal oxide carbonyl precursor oxygenated fuel cellulose ethanolysis.

Long-chain oxygenated liquid fuels have similar physicochem. properties with diesel fuel, and its oxygen can promote combustion and reduce PM2.5. An approach for the preparation of the precursor from lignocellulose suitable for C-C coupling is the key problem to be solved in the production of long-chain oxygenated fuels. In this work, cellulose, as a main component in biomass, was directly alcoholyzed to carbonyl compounds with α-H catalyzed by three typical metal oxides (CaO, MgO and ZnO). The results showed that high temperature was favorable for the conversion of cellulose, but a large number of side products, namely levoglucosan and ethyl-α-D-pyran glucoside, have been detected in liquefied products. These byproducts could be transformed into target precursors with α-H over CaO or ZnO with 0.5 mmol at 320°C in ethanol solvent. Addnl., side reactions of ethanol at elevated temperature could be inhibited with ZnO in water-ethanol co-solvent and the byproducts from ethanol dehydration, including 1,1-diethoxyethane, 2-ethoxyethanol, dropped significantly with an increase in carbonyl compounds Noticeably, compared with pure ethanol, the yield of carbonyl compounds in liquid products increased obviously to 47.4% when the volume ratio of water to ethanol was 3: 10.

Fuel Processing Technology published new progress about Biofuels. 623-50-7 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Ethyl 2-hydroxyacetate, and the molecular formula is C4H8O3, Product Details of C4H8O3.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Ghahremani, Milad published the artcileA Theoretical Analysis on a Multi-Bed Pervaporation Membrane Reactor during Levulinic Acid Esterification Using the Computational Fluid Dynamic Method, SDS of cas: 539-88-8, the main research area is multi bed pervaporation membrane reactor levulinic acid esterification; computational fluid dynamic method; computational fluid dynamic (CFD) method; esterification process; modeling and simulation; pervaporation membrane reactor.

Pervaporation is a peculiar membrane separation process, which is considered for integration with a variety of reactions in promising new applications. Pervaporation membrane reactors have some specific uses in sustainable chem., such as the esterification processes. This theor. study based on the computational fluid dynamics method aims to evaluate the performance of a multi-bed pervaporation membrane reactor (including poly (vinyl alc.) membrane) to produce Et levulinate as a significant fuel additive, coming from the esterification of levulinic acid. For comparison, an equivalent multi-bed traditional reactor is also studied at the same operating conditions of the aforementioned pervaporation membrane reactor. A computational fluid dynamics model was developed and validated by exptl. literature data. The effects of reaction temperature, catalyst loading, feed molar ratio, and feed flow rate on the reactor’s performance in terms of levulinic acid conversion and water removal were hence studied. The simulations indicated that the multi-bed pervaporation membrane reactor results to be the best solution over the multi-bed traditional reactor, presenting the best simulation results at 343 K, 2 bar, catalyst loading 8.6 g, feed flow rate 7 mm3/s, and feed molar ratio 3 with levulinic acid conversion equal to 95.3% and 91.1% water removal.

Membranes (Basel, Switzerland) published new progress about Catalysts. 539-88-8 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Ethyl 4-oxopentanoate, and the molecular formula is C7H12O3, SDS of cas: 539-88-8.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics