Category: 87-13-8

Ester is a chemical compound derived from an oxoacid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one –OH hydroxyl group is replaced by an –O– alkyl (alkoxy) group, 87-13-8, formula is C10H16O5, Name is Diethyl 2-(ethoxymethylene)malonate. as in the substitution reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Electric Literature of 87-13-8.

Mesiti, Francesco;Maruca, Annalisa;Silva, Vera;Rocca, Roberta;Fernandes, Carlos;Remiao, Fernando;Uriarte, Eugenio;Alcaro, Stefano;Gaspar, Alexandra;Borges, Fernanda research published 《 4-Oxoquinolines and monoamine oxidase: When tautomerism matters》, the research content is summarized as follows. 4-Oxoquinoline derivatives have been often used in drug discovery programs due to their pharmacol. properties. Inspired on chromone and 4-oxoquinoline chem. structure similarity, a small series of quinoline-based compounds was obtained and screened, for the first time, toward human monoamine oxidases isoforms. The data showed the N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide 10 was the most potent and selective MAO-B inhibitor (IC50 = 5.30 ± 0.74 nM and SI: ≥1887). The data anal. showed that prototropic tautomerism markedly influences the biol. activity. The unequivocal characterization of the quinoline tautomers was performed to understand the attained data. To our knowledge, there have been no prior reports on the characterization of quinolone tautomers by 2D NMR techniques, namely by 1H-15N HSQC and 1H-15N HMBC, which are proposed as expedite tools for medicinal chem. campaigns. Computational studies on enzyme-ligand complexes, obtained after MM-GBSA calculations and mol. dynamics simulations, supported the exptl. data.

Electric Literature of 87-13-8, Diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C10H16O5 and its molecular weight is 216.23 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

Diethyl ethoxymethylidenemalonate is a matrix effect reagent used in analytical chemistry. It is often used as a substrate for the cycloaddition process, which produces malondialdehyde and hydrochloric acid. The UV-absorption of the malondialdehyde can be measured to determine the concentration of the sample. Diethyl ethoxymethylidenemalonate is also used as a dna template in binding constants, where it binds with amines to form complexes that are then analyzed by light emission. It has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on gyrase and trifluoroacetic acid, both enzymes involved in DNA replication., 87-13-8.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Ester is a chemical compound derived from an oxoacid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one –OH hydroxyl group is replaced by an –O– alkyl (alkoxy) group, 87-13-8, formula is C10H16O5, Name is Diethyl 2-(ethoxymethylene)malonate. as in the substitution reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Electric Literature of 87-13-8.

Messore, Antonella;Corona, Angela;Madia, Valentina Noemi;Saccoliti, Francesco;Tudino, Valeria;De Leo, Alessandro;Ialongo, Davide;Scipione, Luigi;De Vita, Daniela;Amendola, Giorgio;Novellino, Ettore;Cosconati, Sandro;Metifiot, Mathieu;Andreola, Marie-Line;Esposito, Francesca;Grandi, Nicole;Tramontano, Enzo;Costi, Roberta;Di Santo, Roberto research published 《 Quinolinonyl Non-Diketo Acid Derivatives as Inhibitors of HIV-1 Ribonuclease H and Polymerase Functions of Reverse Transcriptase》, the research content is summarized as follows. Novel anti-HIV agents are still needed to overcome resistance issues, in particular inhibitors acting against novel viral targets. The RNase H function of the reverse transcriptase (RT) represents a validated and promising target, and no inhibitor has reached the clin. pipeline yet. Here, we present rationally designed non-diketo acid selective RNase H inhibitors (RHIs) based on the quinolinone scaffold starting from former dual integrase (IN)/RNase H quinolinonyl diketo acids. Several derivatives were synthesized and tested against RNase H and viral replication and found active at micromolar concentrations Docking studies within the RNase H catalytic site, coupled with site-directed mutagenesis, and Mg²⁺ titration experiments demonstrated that our compounds coordinate the Mg²⁺ cofactor and interact with amino acids of the RNase H domain that are highly conserved among naive and treatment-experienced patients. In general, the new inhibitors influenced also the polymerase activity of RT but were selective against RNase H vs. the IN enzyme.

87-13-8, Diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C10H16O5 and its molecular weight is 216.23 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

Diethyl ethoxymethylidenemalonate is a matrix effect reagent used in analytical chemistry. It is often used as a substrate for the cycloaddition process, which produces malondialdehyde and hydrochloric acid. The UV-absorption of the malondialdehyde can be measured to determine the concentration of the sample. Diethyl ethoxymethylidenemalonate is also used as a dna template in binding constants, where it binds with amines to form complexes that are then analyzed by light emission. It has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on gyrase and trifluoroacetic acid, both enzymes involved in DNA replication., Electric Literature of 87-13-8

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Glycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol; they are important in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids and comprising the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. 87-13-8, formula is C10H16O5, Name is Diethyl 2-(ethoxymethylene)malonate. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. HPLC of Formula: 87-13-8.

Liebman, Katherine M.;Burgess, Steven J.;Gunsaru, Bornface;Kelly, Jane X.;Li, Yuexin;Morrill, Westin;Liebman, Michael C.;Peyton, David H. research published 《 Unsymmetrical bisquinolines with high potency against P. falciparum Malaria》, the research content is summarized as follows. The results of a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study assessing potential unsym. bisquinoline antiplasmodial drug candidates using in-vitro activity against intact parasites in cell culture was reported. Many unsym. bisquinolines were found to be highly potent against both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Further work to develop such compounds could focus on minimizing toxicities in order to find suitable candidates for clin. evaluation.

HPLC of Formula: 87-13-8, Diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C10H16O5 and its molecular weight is 216.23 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

Diethyl ethoxymethylidenemalonate is a matrix effect reagent used in analytical chemistry. It is often used as a substrate for the cycloaddition process, which produces malondialdehyde and hydrochloric acid. The UV-absorption of the malondialdehyde can be measured to determine the concentration of the sample. Diethyl ethoxymethylidenemalonate is also used as a dna template in binding constants, where it binds with amines to form complexes that are then analyzed by light emission. It has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on gyrase and trifluoroacetic acid, both enzymes involved in DNA replication., 87-13-8.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Ester is a chemical compound derived from an oxoacid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one –OH hydroxyl group is replaced by an –O– alkyl (alkoxy) group, 87-13-8, formula is C10H16O5, Name is Diethyl 2-(ethoxymethylene)malonate. as in the substitution reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Formula: C10H16O5.

Lim, Andrew S. T.;Vincent, Isabel M.;Barrett, Michael P.;Gilbert, Ian H. research published 《 Small Polar Hits against S. aureus: Screening, Initial Hit Optimization, and Metabolomic Studies》, the research content is summarized as follows. The global prevalence of antibacterial resistance requires new antibacterial drugs with novel chem. scaffolds and modes of action. It is also vital to design compounds with optimal physicochem. properties to permeate the bacterial cell envelope. We described an approach of combining and integrating whole cell screening and metabolomics into early antibacterial drug discovery using a library of small polar compounds Whole cell screening of a diverse library of small polar compounds against Staphylococcus aureus gave compound I. Hit expansion was carried out to determine structure-activity relationships. A selection of compounds from this series, together with other screened active compounds, was subjected to an initial metabolomics study to provide a metabolic fingerprint of the mode of action. I and its analogs have a different mode of action from some of the known antibacterial compounds tested. This early study highlighted the potential of whole cell screening using a and metabolomics in early antibacterial drug discovery, and future works will include improving potency and performing orthogonal studies to confirm the modes of action.

87-13-8, Diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C10H16O5 and its molecular weight is 216.23 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

Diethyl ethoxymethylidenemalonate is a matrix effect reagent used in analytical chemistry. It is often used as a substrate for the cycloaddition process, which produces malondialdehyde and hydrochloric acid. The UV-absorption of the malondialdehyde can be measured to determine the concentration of the sample. Diethyl ethoxymethylidenemalonate is also used as a dna template in binding constants, where it binds with amines to form complexes that are then analyzed by light emission. It has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on gyrase and trifluoroacetic acid, both enzymes involved in DNA replication., Formula: C10H16O5

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Ester is a chemical compound derived from an oxoacid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one –OH hydroxyl group is replaced by an –O– alkyl (alkoxy) group, 87-13-8, formula is C10H16O5, Name is Diethyl 2-(ethoxymethylene)malonate. as in the substitution reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Synthetic Route of 87-13-8.

Liu, Shitao;Li, Jisen;Lin, Junjie;Liu, Fujun;Liu, Teng;Huang, Chao research published 《 Substituent-controlled chemoselective synthesis of multi-substituted pyridones via a one-pot three-component cascade reaction》, the research content is summarized as follows. An efficient and concise one-pot strategy for the synthesis of multisubstituted pyridones via a one-pot three-component cascade reaction catalyzed by Cs₂CO₃ under solvent-free conditions was developed. The substituent-controlled chemoselective cycloaddition process involved steps including a Michael addition/ethanol elimination/intermol. cyclization sequence utilizing anilines, di-Et acetylenedicarboxylate, and di-Et ethoxymethylenemalonate. The synthesis various 2-pyridone and 4-pyridone species (41 examples) were obtained in good to excellent yields.

Synthetic Route of 87-13-8, Diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C10H16O5 and its molecular weight is 216.23 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

Diethyl ethoxymethylidenemalonate is a matrix effect reagent used in analytical chemistry. It is often used as a substrate for the cycloaddition process, which produces malondialdehyde and hydrochloric acid. The UV-absorption of the malondialdehyde can be measured to determine the concentration of the sample. Diethyl ethoxymethylidenemalonate is also used as a dna template in binding constants, where it binds with amines to form complexes that are then analyzed by light emission. It has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on gyrase and trifluoroacetic acid, both enzymes involved in DNA replication., 87-13-8.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Glycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol; they are important in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids and comprising the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. 87-13-8, formula is C10H16O5, Name is Diethyl 2-(ethoxymethylene)malonate. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Reference of 87-13-8.

Li, Qiu;Yao, Benqiang;Zhao, Shiting;Lu, Zhou;Zhang, Yan;Xiang, Qiuping;Wu, Xishan;Yu, Haonan;Zhang, Cheng;Li, Junhua;Zhuang, Xiaoxi;Wu, Donghai;Li, Yong;Xu, Yong research published 《 Discovery of a Highly Selective and H435R-Sensitive Thyroid Hormone Receptor β Agonist》, the research content is summarized as follows. The design and development of agonists selectively targeting thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) and TRβ mutants remain challenging tasks. In this study, we first adopted the strategy of breaking the “His-Phe switch” to solve two problems, simultaneously. A structure-based design approach was successfully utilized to obtain compound 16g (I), which is a potent TRβ agonist (EC₅₀: 21.0 nM, 85.0% of the maximum efficacy of 1) with outstanding selectivity for TRβ over TRα and also effectively activates the TRβ^H435R mutant. Then, we developed a highly efficient synthetic method for 16g. Our serials of cocrystal structures revealed detailed structural mechanisms in overcoming subtype selectivity and rescuing the H435R mutation. 16g also showed excellent lipid metabolism, safety, metabolic stability, and pharmacokinetic properties. Collectively, 16g is a well-characterized selective and mutation-sensitive TRβ agonist for further investigating its function in treating dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH).

87-13-8, Diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C10H16O5 and its molecular weight is 216.23 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

Diethyl ethoxymethylidenemalonate is a matrix effect reagent used in analytical chemistry. It is often used as a substrate for the cycloaddition process, which produces malondialdehyde and hydrochloric acid. The UV-absorption of the malondialdehyde can be measured to determine the concentration of the sample. Diethyl ethoxymethylidenemalonate is also used as a dna template in binding constants, where it binds with amines to form complexes that are then analyzed by light emission. It has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on gyrase and trifluoroacetic acid, both enzymes involved in DNA replication., Reference of 87-13-8

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Glycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol; they are important in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids and comprising the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. 87-13-8, formula is C10H16O5, Name is Diethyl 2-(ethoxymethylene)malonate. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Name: Diethyl 2-(ethoxymethylene)malonate.

Li, Weiqiang;Wu, Qin;Xu, Genrui;Sun, Yinjing;Huang, Chao;Liu, Teng research published 《 A Practical Synthesis of N-aryl/N-alkyl 4-Pyridones under Continuous Flow Technology》, the research content is summarized as follows. A practical synthetic approach to access N-aryl/N-alkyl 4-pyridones via a two-step continuous flow process was developed. In comparison to batch conditions, this [3+2+1] cycloaddition involving a three-components cascade reaction of aniline, dialkyl ethoxymethylene malonate and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate under mild conditions, which was provided N-aryl/N-alkyl 4-pyridone derivatives with a wider substrate scope and good to excellent yields.

Name: Diethyl 2-(ethoxymethylene)malonate, Diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C10H16O5 and its molecular weight is 216.23 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

Diethyl ethoxymethylidenemalonate is a matrix effect reagent used in analytical chemistry. It is often used as a substrate for the cycloaddition process, which produces malondialdehyde and hydrochloric acid. The UV-absorption of the malondialdehyde can be measured to determine the concentration of the sample. Diethyl ethoxymethylidenemalonate is also used as a dna template in binding constants, where it binds with amines to form complexes that are then analyzed by light emission. It has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on gyrase and trifluoroacetic acid, both enzymes involved in DNA replication., 87-13-8.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Glycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol; they are important in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids and comprising the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. 87-13-8, formula is C10H16O5, Name is Diethyl 2-(ethoxymethylene)malonate. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. HPLC of Formula: 87-13-8.

Kalbfleisch, Jacob J.;Reed, Carson W.;Park, Charlotte;Spearing, Paul K.;Quitalig, Marc C.;Jenkins, Matthew T.;Rodriguez, Alice L.;Blobaum, Anna L.;Jeffrey Conn, P.;Niswender, Colleen M.;Lindsley, Craig W. research published 《 Synthesis and SAR of a series of mGlu₇ NAMs based on an ethyl-8-methoxy-4-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)quinoline carboxylate core》, the research content is summarized as follows. A high-throughput screening (HTS) campaign identified a fundamentally new mGlu₇ NAM chemotype, based on an Et 8-methoxy-4-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)quinolinecarboxylate core. The initial hit, VU0226390 (I), was a potent mGlu₇ NAM (IC₅₀ = 647 nM, 6% L-AP4 min) with selectivity vs. the other group III mGlu receptors (>30μM vs. mGlu₄ and mGlu₈). A multi-dimensional optimization effort surveyed all regions of this new chemotype, and found very steep SAR, reminiscent of allosteric modulators, and unexpected piperazine mimetics (whereas classical bioisosteres failed). While mGlu₇ NAM potency could be improved (IC₅₀s ∼ 350 nM), the necessity of the Et ester moiety and poor physiochem. and DMPK properties precluded optimization towards in vivo tool compounds or clin. candidates. Still, this hit-to-lead campaign afforded key medicinal chem. insights and new opportunities.

HPLC of Formula: 87-13-8, Diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C10H16O5 and its molecular weight is 216.23 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

Diethyl ethoxymethylidenemalonate is a matrix effect reagent used in analytical chemistry. It is often used as a substrate for the cycloaddition process, which produces malondialdehyde and hydrochloric acid. The UV-absorption of the malondialdehyde can be measured to determine the concentration of the sample. Diethyl ethoxymethylidenemalonate is also used as a dna template in binding constants, where it binds with amines to form complexes that are then analyzed by light emission. It has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on gyrase and trifluoroacetic acid, both enzymes involved in DNA replication., 87-13-8.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. 87-13-8, formula is C10H16O5, Name is Diethyl 2-(ethoxymethylene)malonate. They perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Recommanded Product: Diethyl 2-(ethoxymethylene)malonate.

Kettle, Jason G.;Bagal, Sharan K.;Bickerton, Sue;Bodnarchuk, Michael S.;Breed, Jason;Carbajo, Rodrigo J.;Cassar, Doyle J.;Chakraborty, Atanu;Cosulich, Sabina;Cumming, Iain;Davies, Michael;Eatherton, Andrew;Evans, Laura;Feron, Lyman;Fillery, Shaun;Gleave, Emma S.;Goldberg, Frederick W.;Harlfinger, Stephanie;Hanson, Lyndsey;Howard, Martin;Howells, Rachel;Jackson, Anne;Kemmitt, Paul;Kingston, Jennifer K.;Lamont, Scott;Lewis, Hilary J.;Li, Songlei;Liu, Libin;Ogg, Derek;Phillips, Christopher;Polanski, Radek;Robb, Graeme;Robinson, David;Ross, Sarah;Smith, James M.;Tonge, Michael;Whiteley, Rebecca;Yang, Junsheng;Zhang, Longfei;Zhao, Xiliang research published 《 Structure-Based Design and Pharmacokinetic Optimization of Covalent Allosteric Inhibitors of the Mutant GTPase KRAS^G12C》, the research content is summarized as follows. Attempts to directly drug the important oncogene KRAS have met with limited success despite numerous efforts across industry and academia. The KRAS^G12C mutant represents an “Achilles heel” and has recently yielded to covalent targeting with small mols. that bind the mutant cysteine and create an allosteric pocket on GDP-bound RAS, locking it in an inactive state. A weak inhibitor at this site was optimized through conformational locking of a piperazine-quinazoline motif and linker modification. Subsequent introduction of a key Me group to the piperazine resulted in enhancements in potency, permeability, clearance, and reactivity, leading to identification of a potent KRAS^G12C inhibitor with high selectivity and excellent cross-species pharmacokinetic parameters and in vivo efficacy.

Recommanded Product: Diethyl 2-(ethoxymethylene)malonate, Diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C10H16O5 and its molecular weight is 216.23 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

Diethyl ethoxymethylidenemalonate is a matrix effect reagent used in analytical chemistry. It is often used as a substrate for the cycloaddition process, which produces malondialdehyde and hydrochloric acid. The UV-absorption of the malondialdehyde can be measured to determine the concentration of the sample. Diethyl ethoxymethylidenemalonate is also used as a dna template in binding constants, where it binds with amines to form complexes that are then analyzed by light emission. It has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on gyrase and trifluoroacetic acid, both enzymes involved in DNA replication., 87-13-8.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Ester is a chemical compound derived from an oxoacid (organic or inorganic) in which at least one –OH hydroxyl group is replaced by an –O– alkyl (alkoxy) group, 87-13-8, formula is C10H16O5, Name is Diethyl 2-(ethoxymethylene)malonate. as in the substitution reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Recommanded Product: Diethyl 2-(ethoxymethylene)malonate.

Khan, Nawaz Mohammed;Kumar, Pawan;Hemanth, Sudheer Kumar K.;Bharath, Rathna Kumar P. research published 《 Synthesis, molecular bioinformatics modelling, and antimicrobial evaluation of some novel oxadiazole fluoroquinolone derivatives》, the research content is summarized as follows. A series of oxadiazole fluoroquinolone derivatives I [Ar = Ph, 4-aminophenyl, 2-hydroxy-4-aminophenyl; R¹ = Et, c-Pr; R² = imidazol-1-yl, piperazin-1-yl] were synthesized with added derivatives such as Ph, aminophenyl, amino hydroxyphenyl along with cyclopropyl, Et, piperazine and imidazole. All of the newly produced mols. I were characterized by IR, ¹H-NMR, mass spectrometry and elemental anal. technique and screened for docking stimulation to find out binding modes of synthesized derivatives with 3FV5, 5IMW and 5ESE and evaluated for in-vitro antimicrobial activity. From this study, it was found that the compound I [Ar = 4-aminophenyl, R¹ = c-Pr, R² = imidazol-1-yl] showed good antibacterial activity against Gram-pos. (Staphylococcus aureus), compound I [Ar = 2-hydroxy-4-aminophenyl, R¹ = c-Pr, R² = imidazol-1-yl] showed good antibacterial activity against Gram-neg. (Escherichia coli), and compound I [Ar = 2-hydroxy-4-aminophenyl, R¹ = c-Pr, R² = piperazin-1-yl] showed good antifungal activity against fungi (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in comparison with standard drugs (Ciprofloxacin and fluconazole). The zone of inhibition and min. inhibitory concentration studies was performed on synthesized compounds I. The analogs of oxadiazole flouroquinolone I are suggested to be potent inhibitors with sufficient scope for further exploration.

87-13-8, Diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate is a useful research compound. Its molecular formula is C10H16O5 and its molecular weight is 216.23 g/mol. The purity is usually 95%.

Diethyl ethoxymethylidenemalonate is a matrix effect reagent used in analytical chemistry. It is often used as a substrate for the cycloaddition process, which produces malondialdehyde and hydrochloric acid. The UV-absorption of the malondialdehyde can be measured to determine the concentration of the sample. Diethyl ethoxymethylidenemalonate is also used as a dna template in binding constants, where it binds with amines to form complexes that are then analyzed by light emission. It has been shown to have an inhibitory effect on gyrase and trifluoroacetic acid, both enzymes involved in DNA replication., Recommanded Product: Diethyl 2-(ethoxymethylene)malonate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics