Category: 2044-85-1

Zhu, Jiawei published the artcileMitochondrial Ca2+-overloading by oxygen/glutathione depletion-boosted photodynamic therapy based on a CaCO3 nanoplatform for tumor synergistic therapy, Recommanded Product: 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, the main research area is catalase buthionine sulfoximine nanoparticle delivery calcium carbonate chlorin e6; Ca(2+)-buffering capacity; Ca(2+)-overloading; Mitochondrial dysfunction; Oxygen/GSH depletion; Photodynamic therapy.

The Ca2+ buffering capacity of mitochondria maintains the balance of cell physiol. activities. The exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be used to break the balance, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and irreversible cell apoptosis. Herein, the CaCO3-based tumor microenvironment (TME) responsive nanoplatform (CaNPCAT+BSO@Ce6-PEG) was designed for oxygen/GSH depletion-boosted photodynamic therapy (PDT) and mitochondrial Ca2+-overloading synergistic therapy. In acidic TME, CaCO3 decomposed and released the cargos (catalase (CAT), buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), chlorin e6 (Ce6), and Ca2+). The tumor hypoxia and reductive microenvironment could be significantly reversed by CAT and BSO, which greatly enhanced the PDT efficacy. The generated 1O2 during PDT process not only directly killed cancer cells but also destroyed the Ca2+ buffering capacity, leading to the mitochondrial Ca2+-overloading. The increased Ca2+ concentration promoted the process of oxidative phosphorylation and inhibited the production of ATP (ATP), resulting in the acceleration of cell death. Under the joint action of enhanced PDT and mitochondrial Ca2+-overloading, the CaNPCAT+BSO@Ce6-PEG NPs showed remarkable synergistic effects in tumor inhibition without any side effects. In the manuscript, a CaCO3-based nano-platform for tumor microenvironment response was designed. With the decomposition of CaNPCAT+BSO@Ce6-PEG NPs in the acidic tumor microenvironment, the released catalase (CAT) and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) could relieve the tumor hypoxia and inhibit GSH production Under 660 nm laser irradiation, the photodynamic effect was enhanced and caused apoptosis. Meanwhile, the Ca2+ buffering capacity was destroyed which led to the mitochondrial Ca2+-overloading. The synergistic effect of enhanced PDT and mitochondrial Ca2+-overloading made the CaNPCAT+BSO@Ce6-PEG NPs present remarkable antitumor performance.

Acta Biomaterialia published new progress about Antitumor agents. 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, Recommanded Product: 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Zhou, Tian-Jiao published the artcileA Harmless-Harmful Switchable and Uninterrupted Laccase-Instructed Killer for Activatable Chemodynamic Therapy, COA of Formula: C24H14Cl2O7, the main research area is doxorubicin methoxyhydroquinone laccase chemodynamic therapy cytotoxicity methylene blue photodegradation; chemodynamic therapy; iron-chlorin e6; laccase; photodegradation; superoxide radical.

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) employs Fenton catalysts to kill cancer cells by converting intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into hydroxyl radicals (OH·). Although many studies on H2O2 supplementation have been conducted to improve the therapeutic effect of CDT, few studies have focused on the application of superoxide radical (O2-·) in CDT, which may result in better efficacy. A major concern about O2-·-mediated CDT is its tendency to induce serious oxidative damage to normal tissues, which may be addressed by using a degradable O2-· scavenger. Here, a harmless-harmful switchable and uninterrupted laccase (LAC)-instructed killer (HULK) is constructed, which is the first CDT agent accelerated by LAC-instructed O2-· generation and possesses a harmless-harmful switchable effect because of the photodegradation of the O2-· scavenger iron-chlorin e6 (FeCe6). LAC-instructed substrate oxidation effectively catalyzes O2-· production with the help of intracellular reduction, thereby promoting the conversion of Fe3+ to Fe2+, accelerating the generation of OH·, and inducing tumor cell apoptosis and necrosis. The introduced O2-· scavenger FeCe6 is quickly photodegraded during irradiation, while LAC-instructed O2-· generation proceeds as before, resulting in activatable CDT. This work not only provides the first strategy for LAC-instructed O2-· generation but also presents new insight into activatable CDT.

Advanced Materials (Weinheim, Germany) published new progress about Antitumor agents. 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, COA of Formula: C24H14Cl2O7.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Li, Chao-Qing published the artcileIn situ synthesis of multifunctional tellurium nanorods stabilized by polypeptide-engineered for photothermal-sonodynamic combination therapy of tumors, Recommanded Product: 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, the main research area is breast cancer tellurium nanorods polypeptide photothermal sonodynamic combination therapy.

Nanoparticles containing elemental tellurium (Te) have been aroused extensive attention in biomedical applications. However, the ideal synthesis methods and effective anti-cancer strategies of Te nanoparticles remain great challenges. In this study, genetically engineered polypeptide (PC10ARGD)-capped Te nanorods (P-TeNRs) was in situ synthesized. The excellent dispersion of P-TeNRs with average lengths of 25.2 ± 4.65 nm and diameters of 6.5 ± 0.83 nm were confirmed by TEM. PC10ARGD was integrated onto the surface of Te nanorods to enhance the stability and biocompatibility of P-TeNRs. P-TeNRs exhibited the excellent photothermal conversion performance under irradiation of NIR laser and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating capacity under ultrasound (US) irradiation, which can achieve photothermal therapy and sonodynamic therapy of tumors. Compared with single photothermal therapy and sonodynamic therapy, the results of in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that the combination therapy has a synergistic effect on breast 4T1 tumors. In addition, the results of in vivo toxicity assay suggested that synthesized P-TeNRs presented negligible toxicity. These results demonstrate that this P-TeNRs can be engineered as a novel theranostic nanoplatform for synergistic photothermal-sonodynamic therapy of tumors.

Chemical Engineering Journal (Amsterdam, Netherlands) published new progress about Antitumor agents. 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, Recommanded Product: 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Gebner, Alec published the artcileCharacterization of extracellular vesicles from preconditioned human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells, Quality Control of 2044-85-1, the main research area is adipose derived mesenchymal stem cell hypoxia extracellular vesicle proteome; adipose-derived stromal/stem cells; extracellular vesicles; hypoxia; mesenchymal stromal/stem cells; proteomics; renal tubular epithelial cells.

Cell-free therapy using extracellular vesicles (EVs) from adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (ASCs) seems to be a safe and effective therapeutic option to support tissue and organ regeneration. The application of EVs requires particles with a maximum regenerative capability and hypoxic culture conditions as an in vitro preconditioning regimen has been shown to alter the mol. composition of released EVs. Nevertheless, the EV cargo after hypoxic preconditioning has not yet been comprehensively examined The aim of the present study was the characterization of EVs from hypoxic preconditioned ASCs. We investigated the EV proteome and their effects on renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro. While no effect of hypoxia was observed on the number of released EVs and their protein content, the cargo of the proteins was altered. Proteomic anal. showed 41 increased or decreased proteins, 11 in a statistically significant manner. Furthermore, the uptake of EVs in epithelial cells and a pos. effect on oxidative stress in vitro were observed In conclusion, culture of ASCs under hypoxic conditions was demonstrated to be a promising in vitro preconditioning regimen, which alters the protein cargo and increases the anti-oxidative potential of EVs. These properties may provide new potential therapeutic options for regenerative medicine.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences published new progress about Cell proliferation. 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, Quality Control of 2044-85-1.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Nogueira, Patricia Franklin Mayrink published the artcileThe aspect ratio of gold nanorods as a cytotoxicity factor on Raphidocelis subcaptata, Application of 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, the main research area is gold nanorods cytotoxicity factor Raphidocelis subcaptata; Aspect ratio; Cytotoxicity; Gold nanorods; Oxidative stress; Raphidocelis subcaptata.

Gold nanorods (AuNRs) are promising nanoscale materials for several technol. and biomedical applications. The physicochem. properties of AuNRs, including size, shape and surface features, are crucial factors affecting their cytotoxicity. In this study, we investigated the effects of different aspect ratios of AuNRs (1.90, 2.35, 3.25 and 3.50) at concentrations of 2 and 10μg mL-1 on their cytotoxicity and cellular uptake in green algae Raphidocelis subcaptata. The experiment was performed in oligotrophic freshwater medium in a growth chamber with constant agitation of 80 rpm under controlled conditions (120μEm-2s-1 illumination; 12:12h light dark cycle and constant temperature of 22 ± 2°C). The algal growth was monitored daily for 96 h via electronic absorbance scanning at 600-750 nm. Oxidative stress, cell viability and autofluorescence were evaluated using a flow cytometer. Oxidative stress quantified by loading cultures with the fluorescent dye 2′, 7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. To assess algal cell viability, propidium iodide was selected as the fluorescent probe. Our results indicated that the aspect ratio of AuNRs mediates their biol. effects in green algae R. subcaptata. A pos. correlation between oxidative stress and increase of aspect ratio was found at concentration of 10μg mL-1. Higher cytotoxicity and mortality were observed for algae incubated with higher aspect ratios AuNRs (3.50).

Environmental Research published new progress about Aquatic environment. 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, Application of 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Bonaterra, Gabriel A. published the artcileAnti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects of Phytohustil and root extract of Althaea officinalis L. on macrophages in vitro, Recommanded Product: 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, the main research area is phytohustil root Althaea officinalis macrophage antiinflammation antioxidative effect; Althaea officinalis L.; Phytohustil®; ROS; anti-inflammatory; anti-oxidative; macrophage; marshmallow; migration.

The medicinal plant marshmallow Althaea officinalis L. (A. officinalis), is used for the treatment of cough since centuries. Application of medicinal extracts of marshmallow roots shows immediate effects like a protective film on the inflamed mucosa. Because the soothing layer reduce irritation of the mucous system, a faster regeneration is supported by defense mechanisms required to protect the respiratory tract from environmental injury. Macrophages (Mφ), which belong to a group of multipurpose defensive cells, provide the first line of defense against mucosal invasive pathogens. The present study was performed to investigate, whether the herbal medicinal product has anti-inflammatory or anti-oxidative effects on pro-inflammatorily activated Mφ or after oxidative stress induction. Special attention should be payed to elucidate the effects of A. officinalis on the mechanism of intracellular defense as well as on migratory capacity of the Mφ. Treatment of PMA-differentiated human THP-1 Mφ with Phytohustil increased their viability without affecting the cell number Phytohustil or root extracts of A. officinalis (REAo) – an active component of Phytohustil – were able to protect human Mφ against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity and H2O2-induced ROS production Phytohustil, REAo or diclofenac used as anti-inflammatory referance substance, inhibited the LPS-induced release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) as well as of IL6 in Mφ. Treatment with Phytohustil, its excipients or REAo did not impair the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Finally, Phytohustil and REAo activated the migratory capacity of Mφ. The present in vitro investigations indicate protective, i.e., anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of REAo and Phytohustil, addnl. improving the migratory capacity of Mφ. These antiinflammatory effects were similar or even better than diclofenac. Thus, our data support and may explain the pos. effect of Phytohustil observed in patients during the therapy of inflamed buccal mucosal membranes or treatment of cough.

Frontiers in Pharmacology published new progress about Althaea officinalis. 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, Recommanded Product: 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Pappas, Dimitris published the artcileBeyond microcystins: cyanobacterial extracts induce cytoskeletal alterations in rice root cells, HPLC of Formula: 2044-85-1, the main research area is microcystin cyanobacterial extract induce rice root cell cytoskeletal alteration; F-actin; Oryza sativa; bioactive compounds; cyanobacteria; cytoskeleton; microcystins; microtubules; oxidative stress; plant cell.

Microcystins (MCs) are cyanobacterial toxins and potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A), which are involved in plant cytoskeleton (microtubules and F-actin) organization. Therefore, studies on the toxicity of cyanobacterial products on plant cells have so far been focused on MCs. In this study, we investigated the effects of extracts from 16 (4 MC-producing and 12 non-MC-producing) cyanobacterial strains from several habitats, on various enzymes (PP1, trypsin, elastase), on the plant cytoskeleton and H2O2 levels in Oryza sativa (rice) root cells. Seedling roots were treated for various time periods (1, 12, and 24 h) with aqueous cyanobacterial extracts and underwent either immunostaining for α-tubulin or staining of F-actin with fluorescent phalloidin. 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) staining was performed for H2O2 imaging. The enzyme assays confirmed the bioactivity of the extracts of not only MC-rich (MC+), but also MC-devoid (MC-) extracts, which induced major time-dependent alterations on both components of the plant cytoskeleton. These findings suggest that a broad spectrum of bioactive cyanobacterial compounds, apart from MCs or other known cyanotoxins (such as cylindrospermopsin), can affect plants by disrupting the cytoskeleton.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences published new progress about Anabaena variabilis. 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, HPLC of Formula: 2044-85-1.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Zhang, Yurong published the artcileSuccinate accumulation induces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation and promotes status epilepticus in the kainic acid rat model, Computed Properties of 2044-85-1, the main research area is status epilepticus mitochondria reactive oxygen species succinate; Mitophagy; Neurodegeneration; Reactive oxygen species; Status epilepticus; Succinate.

Though succinate accumulation is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and neuronal injury, which play critical roles in epilepsy, it is unclear whether succinate accumulation contributes to the onset of epilepsy or seizures. We sought to investigate changes in succinate, oxidative stress, and mito-SOX levels, as well as mitophagy and neuronal change, in different status epilepticus (SE) rat models. Our results demonstrate that KA-induced SE was accompanied by increased levels of succinate, oxidative stress, and mito-SOX, as well as mitophagy and neuronal degeneration. The similarly increased levels of succinate, oxidative stress, and mito-SOX were also found in pilocarpine-induced SE. Moreover, the reduction of succinate accumulation by the inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), malate/aspartate shuttle (MAS), or purine nucleotide cycle (PNC) served to reduce succinate, oxidative stress, and mito-SOX levels, thereby preventing oxidative stress-related neuronal damage and lessening seizure severity. Interestingly, simulating succinate accumulation with succinic acid di-Me ester may induce succinate accumulation and increased oxidative stress and mito-SOX levels, as well as behavior and seizures in electroencephalograms similar to those observed in rats exposed to KA. Our results indicate that succinate accumulation may contribute to the increased oxidative stress/mitochondrial ROS levels, neuronal degeneration, and SE induced by KA administration. Furthermore, we found that succinate accumulation was mainly due to the inverse catalysis of SDH from fumarate, which was supplemented by the MAS and PNC pathways. These results reveal new insights into the mechanisms underlying SE and that reducing succinate accumulation may be a clin. useful therapeutic target in SE.

Redox Biology published new progress about Behavior Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, Computed Properties of 2044-85-1.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Xu, Lan published the artcileAntibiotic resistance genes and microcystins in a drinking water treatment plant, Safety of 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, the main research area is microcystin antibiotic resistance drinking water treatment plant; Antibiotic resistance genes; Drinking water; Horizontal transfer; Microcystins; Molecular mechanism.

Problems with antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and secondary pollution from microcystins (MCs), caused by cyanobacterial blooms have become significant global issues. These two pollutants co-occur in drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), but the exact relationships between them requires further clarification. Here, a high-throughput quant. real-time PCR and ELISA were used to investigate the behavior of ARGs and MCs in a practical DWTP in the first place. After the on-site investigation, the effect of MCs on the horizontal transfer of ARGs was studied under laboratory conditions, and mechanisms explored at both cellular and mol. levels. MCs could promote the spread of ARGs, especially in relatively stationary and stable environments such as biofilms. MC-LR was the most efficient microcystin subtype promoting conjugative transfer, which was 25.13 times higher than for the control group. MCs affected the horizontal transfer of ARGs by regulating a series of gene systems involved in conjugative transfer, stimulating the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increasing cell membrane permeability. This study can provide a theor. basis for the control of ARGs and MCs in DWTPs, which is of great significance for the scientific assessment of drinking water safety.

Environmental Pollution (Oxford, United Kingdom) published new progress about 16S rRNA Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, Safety of 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Cho, Il Je published the artcileHemistepsin a induces apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by downregulating STAT3, Synthetic Route of 2044-85-1, the main research area is hepatocellular carcinoma cell hemistepta lyrata apoptosis anti inflammation hemistepsin; Hemistepta lyrata (Bunge) Bunge; apoptosis; hemistepsin A (HsA); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells; oxidative stress; signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3); sorafenib.

Hemistepta lyrata (Bunge) Bunge is a biennial medicinal plant possessing beneficial effects including anti-inflammation, and hemistepsin A (HsA) isolated from H. lyrata has been known as a hepatoprotective sesquiterpene lactone. In this report, we explored the cytotoxic effects of H. lyrata on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and investigated the associated bioactive compounds and their relevant mechanisms. From the viability results of HCC cells treated with various H. lyrata extracts, HsA was identified as the major compound contributing to the H. lyrata-mediated cytotoxicity. HsA increased expression of cleaved PARP and cells with Sub-G1 phase, Annexin V binding, and TUNEL staining, which imply HsA induces apoptosis. In addition, HsA provoked oxidative stress by decreasing the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio and accumulating reactive oxygen species and glutathione-protein adducts. Moreover, HsA inhibited the transactivation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) by its dephosphorylation at Y705 and glutathione conjugation. Stable expression of a constitutive active mutant of STAT3 prevented the reduction of cell viability by HsA. Finally, HsA enhanced the sensitivity of sorafenib-mediated cytotoxicity by exaggerating oxidative stress and Y705 dephosphorylation of STAT3. Therefore, HsA will be a promising candidate to induce apoptosis of HCC cells via downregulating STAT3 and sensitizing conventional chemotherapeutic agents.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences published new progress about Annexin V Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, Synthetic Route of 2044-85-1.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics