Month: February 2023

Progress against Escherichia coli with the Oxazolidinone Class of Antibacterials: Test Case for a General Approach To Improving Whole-Cell Gram-Negative Activity was written by Takrouri, Khuloud;Cooper, Harold D.;Spaulding, Adnrew;Zucchi, Paula;Koleva, Bilyana;Cleary, Dillon C.;Tear, Westley;Beuning, Penny J.;Hirsch, Elizabeth B.;Aggen, James B.. And the article was included in ACS Infectious Diseases in 2016.COA of Formula: C18H28BNO4 This article mentions the following:

Novel antibacterials with activity against the Gram-neg. bacteria associated with nosocomial infections, including Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae, are urgently needed due to the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains. A major obstacle that has stalled progress on nearly all small-mol. classes with potential for activity against these species has been achieving sufficient whole-cell activity, a difficult challenge due to the formidable outer membrane and efflux barriers intrinsic to these species. Using a set of compound design principles derived from available information relating physicochem. properties to Gram-neg. entry or activity, we synthesized and evaluated a focused library of oxazolidinone analogs, a currently narrow spectrum class of antibacterials active only against Gram-pos. bacteria. In this series, we have explored the effectiveness for improving Gram-neg. activity by identifying and combining beneficial structural modifications in the C-ring region. We have found polar and/or charge-carrying modifications that, when combined in hybrid C-ring analogs, appear to largely overcome the efflux and/or permeability barriers, resulting in improved Gram-neg. activity. In particular, those analogs least effected by efflux and the permeation barrier had significant zwitterionic character. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, tert-Butyl 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzylcarbamate (cas: 330794-35-9COA of Formula: C18H28BNO4).

tert-Butyl 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzylcarbamate (cas: 330794-35-9) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Many esters have the potential for conformational isomerism, but they tend to adopt an s-cis (or Z) conformation rather than the s-trans (or E) alternative, due to a combination of hyperconjugation and dipole minimization effects. The preference for the Z conformation is influenced by the nature of the substituents and solvent, if present. Lactones with small rings are restricted to the s-trans (i.e. E) conformation due to their cyclic structure.COA of Formula: C18H28BNO4

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Subtlety of the Structure-Affinity and Structure-Efficacy Relationships around a Nonpeptide Oxytocin Receptor Agonist was written by Frantz, Marie-Celine;Rodrigo, Jordi;Boudier, Laure;Durroux, Thierry;Mouillac, Bernard;Hibert, Marcel. And the article was included in Journal of Medicinal Chemistry in 2010.Category: esters-buliding-blocks This article mentions the following:

Very few nonpeptide oxytocin agonists have currently been reported, and none of them seem suitable for the in vivo investigation of the oxytocin mediated functions. In an attempt to rationalize the design of better tools, we have systematically studied the structural determinants of the affinity and efficacy of representative ligands of the V_1a, V₂, and OT receptor subtypes. Despite apparently obvious similarity between the ligand structures on one hand, and between the receptor subtypes on the other hand, the binding affinity and the functional activity profiles of truncated and hybrid ligands highlight the subtlety of ligand-receptor interactions for obtaining nonpeptide OT receptor agonists. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Methyl 4-fluoro-3-methylbenzoate (cas: 180636-50-4Category: esters-buliding-blocks).

Methyl 4-fluoro-3-methylbenzoate (cas: 180636-50-4) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Esters are more polar than ethers but less polar than alcohols. They participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding confers some water-solubility.Category: esters-buliding-blocks

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Discrimination and Characterization of the Volatile Organic Compounds in Schizonepetae Spica from Six Regions of China Using HS-GC-IMS and HS-SPME-GC-MS was written by Li, Chao;Wan, Huiying;Wu, Xinlong;Yin, Jiaxin;Zhu, Limin;Chen, Hanjiang;Song, Xinbo;Han, Lifeng;Yang, Wenzhi;Yu, Heshui;Li, Zheng. And the article was included in Molecules in 2022.Application In Synthesis of Isopentyl 3-methylbutanoate This article mentions the following:

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the main chem. components of Schizonepetae Spica (SS), which have pos. effects on the quality evaluation of SS. In this study, HS-SPME-GC-MS (headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry) and HS-GC-IMS (headspace-gas chromatog.-ion mobility spectrometry) were performed to characterize the VOCs of SS from six different regions. A total of 82 VOCs were identified. In addition, this work compared the suitability of two instruments to distinguish SS from different habitats. The regional classification using orthogonal partial least squares discriminant anal. (OPLS-DA) shows that the HS-GC-IMS method can classify samples better than the HS-SPME-GC-MS. This study provided a reference method for identification of the SS from different origins. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Isopentyl 3-methylbutanoate (cas: 659-70-1Application In Synthesis of Isopentyl 3-methylbutanoate).

Isopentyl 3-methylbutanoate (cas: 659-70-1) belongs to esters. Esters are also usually derived from carboxylic acids. It may also be obtained by reaction of acid anhydride or acid halides with alcohols or by the reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides. Because of their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability, esters do not self-associate. Consequently, esters are more volatile than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.Application In Synthesis of Isopentyl 3-methylbutanoate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Etherlike compounds. XXVII. Turbid phases in compounds with reactivity minimums was written by Palomaa, Matti H.;Mikkila, Irma. And the article was included in Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft [Abteilung] B: Abhandlungen in 1942.SDS of cas: 1190-39-2 This article mentions the following:

In a study of the m.ps. and viscosities of esters of the oxalic acid series, it was observed that the esters of CH₂(CO₂H)₂ showed a region of turbidity before they solidified. The m.ps. and clearing points of the esters were: Me₂ -61.9°, -42.4°; Et₂ -48.9°, -40.3°; Pr₂ -77.1°, -62.9°; Bu₂ -95 ± 5°, -45.8°; Am₂ -54.9°, -34.0°. The dioctyl and di-iso-Pr esters melt clear at -6.3° and -50.7°. Esters of (CO₂H)₂, (CH₂CO₂H)₂ and (CH₂)₄(CO₂H)₂ do not show this behavior; m.ps. of the Me, Et, Pr, Bu and Am esters are given, together with reported values. The viscosity of CH₂(CO₂Me)₂ increased from 34.3 to 178.1 sec. in decreasing its temperature from 20° to -28.8° and from 225.9 to 1716.5 sec. in the range -34.90 to -57°. For the clear phase (20° to -31°) the viscosity of CH₂(CO₂Am)₂ increases from 17.9 to 154.6 sec.; for the turbid phase (-37° to -60°) the change is from 231 to 1896.8 sec. Data are given for the viscosities of (CO₂Am)₂, CH₂(CO₂Am)₂ and (CH₂CO₂Am)₂, using the same viscometer; the relative viscosity of the last ester is much greater than for the other two. The occurrence of the turbid phase is believed to be the result of a decreased cohesive power because of intermol. or intramol. saturation In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, malonic acid dibutyl ester (cas: 1190-39-2SDS of cas: 1190-39-2).

malonic acid dibutyl ester (cas: 1190-39-2) belongs to esters. Esters are also usually derived from carboxylic acids. It may also be obtained by reaction of acid anhydride or acid halides with alcohols or by the reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides. Because of their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability, esters do not self-associate. Consequently, esters are more volatile than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.SDS of cas: 1190-39-2

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Iron-Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Esters was written by Bezier, David;Venkanna, Gopaladasu T.;Castro, Luis C. Misal;Zheng, Jianxia;Roisnel, Thierry;Sortais, Jean-Baptiste;Darcel, Christophe. And the article was included in Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis in 2012.COA of Formula: C7H8O2S This article mentions the following:

The first hydrosilylation of esters catalyzed by a well defined iron complex has been developed. Esters are converted to the corresponding alcs. at 100 °C, under solvent-free conditions and visible light activation. E.g., in presence of [CpFe(PCy3)(CO)₂]BF₄, hydrosilylation of 4-MeC₆H₄CH₂CO₂Me gave 70% 4-MeC₆H₄CH₂CH₂OH. PhSiH₃ was used as the reductant. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Methyl 2-thienylacetate (cas: 19432-68-9COA of Formula: C7H8O2S).

Methyl 2-thienylacetate (cas: 19432-68-9) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Esterification is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants (typically an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product. Esters are common in organic chemistry and biological materials.COA of Formula: C7H8O2S

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Encapsulation of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) essential oil for controlled release in the non-alcoholic beverage application was written by Su, Xueqian;Xu, Yixiang;Xu, Zhiyuan;Hurley, Ken;Feng, Yiming;Yin, Yun. And the article was included in Food Hydrocolloids in 2023.Product Details of 105-87-3 This article mentions the following:

In order to increase the stability of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) essential oil (HEO) and diversify its application into hot beverages, CAPSUL, modified food starch, was used as the wall material to encapsulate HEO at the mass ratio of 2:1 through spray drying under 180°C. The resultant microcapsules were applied to the non-alc. hop tea for the first time and their release kinetics in this matrix were analyzed by gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results showed that the reconstituted HEO emulsion possessed fine droplet size (3.295μm) and high zeta potential (-22.50 mV). The resultant HEO microcapsules exhibited low moisture content (1.249%), suitable bulk d. (0.2934 g/mL), good swelling capacity (2.235 g/g dry solids), low color difference (6.310), desirable morphol. characteristics, high encapsulation efficiency (92.02-95.45%) and high flavor retention (57.13-71.15%). Each target aroma compound had its specific release behavior and mechanism from HEO microcapsules, among which β-myrcene and Me octanoate showed the highest and lowest cumulative release resp. This might be associated with their different volatilities, polarities, function groups and mol. sizes, or their varying hydrogen-bond formation capability at the entrance of starch helix. Most importantly, HEO microcapsules showed significant aroma increasing and stabilizing effects on the hop tea product during storage. These ideal characteristics of HEO microcapsules demonstrated the great potential of diverse essential oil microcapsules as the promising flavoring agents in a variety of hot beverage matrixes. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (E)-3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl acetate (cas: 105-87-3Product Details of 105-87-3).

(E)-3,7-Dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl acetate (cas: 105-87-3) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits. Esters are more polar than ethers but less polar than alcohols. They participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding confers some water-solubility.Product Details of 105-87-3

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Fucose-Galactose Polymers Inhibit Cholera Toxin Binding to Fucosylated Structures and Galactose-Dependent Intoxication of Human Enteroids was written by Cervin, Jakob;Boucher, Andrew;Youn, Gyusaang;Bjoerklund, Per;Wallenius, Ville;Mottram, Lynda;Sampson, Nicole S.;Yrlid, Ulf. And the article was included in ACS Infectious Diseases in 2020.Safety of (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate This article mentions the following:

A promising strategy to limit cholera severity involves blockers mimicking the canonical cholera toxin ligand (CT) ganglioside GM1. However, to date the efficacies of most of these blockers have been evaluated in noncellular systems that lack ligands other than GM1. Importantly, the CT B subunit (CTB) has a noncanonical site that binds fucosylated structures, which in contrast to GM1 are highly expressed in the human intestine. Here we evaluate the capacity of norbornene polymers displaying galactose and/or fucose to block CTB binding to immobilized protein-linked glycan structures and also to primary human and murine small intestine epithelial cells (SI ECs). We show that the binding of CTB to human SI ECs is largely dependent on the noncanonical binding site, and interference with the canonical site has a limited effect while the opposite is observed with murine SI ECs. The galactose-fucose polymer blocks binding to fucosylated glycans but not to GM1. However, the preincubation of CT with the galactose-fucose polymer only partially blocks toxic effects on cultured human enteroid cells, while preincubation with GM1 completely blocks CT-mediated secretion. Our results support a model whereby the binding of fucose to the noncanonical site places CT in close proximity to scarcely expressed galactose receptors such as GM1 to enable binding via the canonical site leading to CT internalization and intoxication. Our finding also highlights the importance of complementing CTB binding studies with functional intoxication studies when assessing the efficacy inhibitors of CT. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 4163-60-4Safety of (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate).

(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (cas: 4163-60-4) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Because of their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability, esters do not self-associate. Consequently, esters are more volatile than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.Safety of (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(Acetoxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

The synthesis of mandelic acid analogs. II. Styrylglycolic acids was written by Nerdel, Friedrich;Rachel, Hans. And the article was included in Chemische Berichte in 1956.Computed Properties of C11H14O3 This article mentions the following:

Adding dropwise 54 cc. concentrated HCl to 80 cc. PhCH:CHCHO and 49 g. NaCN in 250 cc. Et₂O cooled with ice, stirring the mixture 1 hr. at 0° and 1 hr. at 20°, washing the filtered Et₂O solution with concentrated NaHSO₃ and recrystallizing the residue from CS₂ give 65-70% DL-PhCH:CHCH(OH)CN (I), m. 74-5°. Adding dropwise at below 10° a mixture of 250 cc. concentrated HCl and 40 cc. concentrated H₂SO₄ to 90 g. I in 200 cc. Et₂O, warming the mixture 0.5 hr. at 15°, and diluting it after several hrs. with 3-4 fold ice-H₂O give up to 85% DL-styrylglycolic acid (II) amide, m. 141°, which (10 g.), refluxed 1 hr. with 15 g. (CO₂H)₂ in 200 cc. H₂O, gives 80% II, m. 137°. Concentrating slowly in vacuo a mixture of 30 g. (+)-bornylamine (III) in 200 cc. Et₂O and 30 g. II in 200 cc. MeOH until 2/3 of the solvents are evaporated, filtering off the precipitate; [α]_D 18°, and recrystallizing it 7-8 times from Me₂CHOH give 20 g. III D-styrylglycolate, [α]_D 28° (MeOH). Recrystallizing the residue of the original mother liquor several times from H₂O gives 10 g. III L-styrylglycolate, [α]_D -6°. Decomposition of the salts gives D-II, m. 139° (decomposition), [α]_D 100° (MeOH), and L-II (-)-isomer, m. 139°, [α]_D -98°. Hydrogenation of D-II in MeOH 5 min. with PtO₂ gives 100% (+)-α-hydroxy-γ-phenylbutyric acid (IV), m. 114-15°, [α]_D²⁰ 10.4° (EtOH). Refluxing 4.5 g. IV in 135 cc. absolute MeOH 16 hrs. with 5 cc. concentrated H₂SO₄ gives 4 g. Me ester (V), b₁₆ 155-7°, [α]_D²⁰ 23° (C₆H₆). Shaking 3 g. V 6 hrs. with 50 cc. supersaturated NH₃-NH₄OH gives the amide (VI), needles, m. 124°, [α]_D²⁰ -37° (MeOH); DL-amide, m. 130°. Bromination of D-II in CHCl₃ gives (-)-α-hydroxy-β,γ-dibromo-γ-phenylbutyric acid (VII), m. 177° (decomposition), [α]_D²⁰ -60° (MeOH). Condensation of 36 g. m-O₂NC₆H₄CH:CHCHO in 300 cc. CHCl₃ with 42 g. NaCN and 22 cc. 35.4% HCl as above gives 70-80% (3-nitrostyryl)glycolic acid (VIII) nitrile (IX), m. 76-8°, which, treated with BzCl and C₅H₅N, gives the O-Bz derivative, m. 111°. Treating 32 g. IX in 200 cc. Et₂O with 79 cc. concentrated HCl and 12.6 cc. concentrated H₂SO₄ 3 days at 20°, pouring the mixture into ice-H₂O, extracting with Et₂O, and recrystallizing the residue of the Et₂O extract give 20-22 g. VIII, slightly yellow needles, m. 130-5° (decomposition), which, treated with Br in CHCl₃, gives α-hydroxy-β,γ-dibromo-γ-(3-nitrophenyl)butyric acid, m. 175-6° (decomposition). Resolution of VIII with III gives a III (+)-VIII salt, [α]_D²⁰ 24° (MeOH), from which the free (+)-VIII, m. 112-17°, [α]_D²⁰ 71°, is obtained on decomposition with HCl. Hydrogenation of (+)-VIII in MeOH with PtO₂ gives (+)-α-hydroxy-γ-(3-aminophenyl)butyric acid (not quite pure), [α]_D²⁰ 0.75° (MeOH), which, diazotized and treated with Cu₂H₂, gives (+)-α-hydroxy-γ-phenylbutyric acid, m. 113°, [α]_D²⁰ 10.6°. Hydrogenation of 20 g. β-phenylglycidic acid Et ester in 50 cc. EtOH with 2 g. Raney Ni 8 hrs. at 20° and atm. pressure gives PhCH₂CH(OH)CO₂Et, b₁₆ 153°, which, saponified with NaOEt, gives the free acid, m. 96° (Ac derivative, m. 72°; amide, m. 112°). The equilibrium constants of the m- and p-substituted PhCOMe are determined to be, resp.: NO₂, 0.43, 0.28; Br, 0.77, 1.2; MeO, 1.27, 7.4; NHAc, 1.31, 6; Me, 1.53, 3; OH, 1.47, 14; H, 1.52, 1.52; NH₂, 1.73, 18; PhCH:CHCHO, 0.032; 3-NO₂ analog, 0.023; 3-O₂NC₆H₄COMe, 0.43. The rotation dispersions of D-II, VI, VII, and VIII in MeOH, EtOH, dioxane, Me₂CO, AcOH, and NaOH are given in tables. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoate (cas: 15399-05-0Computed Properties of C11H14O3).

Ethyl 2-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoate (cas: 15399-05-0) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Esters contain a carbonyl center, which gives rise to 120° C–C–O and O–C–O angles. Unlike amides, esters are structurally flexible functional groups because rotation about the C–O–C bonds has a low barrier. Their flexibility and low polarity is manifested in their physical properties; they tend to be less rigid (lower melting point) and more volatile (lower boiling point) than the corresponding amides. Computed Properties of C11H14O3

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Metal-free synthesis of methylene-bridged bis-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds via oxidative C-C bond cleavage of tertiary aliphatic amines was written by Xing, Li-Juan;Wang, Xi-Mei;Li, Hong-Ying;Zhou, Wen;Kang, Ning;Wang, Peng;Wang, Bin. And the article was included in RSC Advances in 2014.Application In Synthesis of Ethyl 3-oxo-3-(thiophen-2-yl)propanoate This article mentions the following:

Regioselective synthesis of methylene-bridged bis-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds by metal-free Bu₄NI-catalyzed oxidative coupling between tertiary aliphatic amines and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds This reaction involved an unexpected C-C bond cleavage of tertiary aliphatic amines. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl 3-oxo-3-(thiophen-2-yl)propanoate (cas: 13669-10-8Application In Synthesis of Ethyl 3-oxo-3-(thiophen-2-yl)propanoate).

Ethyl 3-oxo-3-(thiophen-2-yl)propanoate (cas: 13669-10-8) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Esters are more polar than ethers but less polar than alcohols. They participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding confers some water-solubility.Application In Synthesis of Ethyl 3-oxo-3-(thiophen-2-yl)propanoate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Synthesis and characterization of 2-oxo-3-aryl-succinates was written by Wang, Yajun. And the article was included in Huaxue Yanjiu Yu Yingyong in 2009.HPLC of Formula: 584-74-7 This article mentions the following:

Nine new 2-oxo-3-aryl-succinates I (R¹ = EtO, R² = 2-F, 4-F, 2-Cl, 4-Cl, 4-Br, 2-CF₃; R¹ = MeO, R² = 4-Br; R¹ = BnO, R² = H, 2-Cl) were synthesized by condensation reaction between RCH₂COOC₂H₅ and di-Et oxalate under mild reaction conditions in a high yield, and their structures were confirmed by IR and ¹H NMR. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl 2-fluorophenylacetate (cas: 584-74-7HPLC of Formula: 584-74-7).

Ethyl 2-fluorophenylacetate (cas: 584-74-7) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Cyclic esters are called lactones, regardless of whether they are derived from an organic or inorganic acid. One example of an organic lactone is γ-valerolactone.HPLC of Formula: 584-74-7

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics