Month: February 2023

Extractables from integrated single-use systems in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Part I. Study on components (Pall Kleenpak connector and Kleenpak filter capsule) was written by Ding, Weibing;Nash, Rebecca. And the article was included in PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology in 2009.Product Details of 1190-39-2 This article mentions the following:

Single-use systems for manufacturing biopharmaceuticals can include filter capsules, connectors, tubing, and polymeric film biocontainers. In order to tackle the variety of extractable compounds from these fairly complex systems, we first studied such systems’ representative components, and then examined an entire single-use system comprised of filters, connectors, tubing, and biocontainers. This approach greatly simplifies the identification of the extractable compounds from the whole system. The test design was based on common, actual processes conducted under worst-case conditions. Part 1 of this series of papers describes a systematic study of extractables from two components, a sterile connector and a capsule filter, in water and ethanol as model solvent extractants. The complete extractables results were obtained using a combination of qualified anal. methods. The results indicated that the potential for the connector and the capsule filter to release leachable materials in significant amounts into the chem. compatible drug product is very low, taking into account the less vigorous conditions in most processes and dilution effects when compared to the water and ethanol extraction conditions reported here. Application of study results is discussed. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, malonic acid dibutyl ester (cas: 1190-39-2Product Details of 1190-39-2).

malonic acid dibutyl ester (cas: 1190-39-2) belongs to esters. Carboxylic acid esters of low molecular weight are colourless, volatile liquids with pleasant odours, slightly soluble in water. Many esters have the potential for conformational isomerism, but they tend to adopt an s-cis (or Z) conformation rather than the s-trans (or E) alternative, due to a combination of hyperconjugation and dipole minimization effects. The preference for the Z conformation is influenced by the nature of the substituents and solvent, if present. Lactones with small rings are restricted to the s-trans (i.e. E) conformation due to their cyclic structure.Product Details of 1190-39-2

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Polymerization of an activated ester monomer based on 4-vinylsulfonic acid and its polymer analogous reaction was written by Nilles, Katja;Theato, Patrick. And the article was included in Polymer Chemistry in 2011.Related Products of 27249-90-7 This article mentions the following:

Homopolymers containing sulfonic ester side groups were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization utilizing benzyl dithiobenzoate, cumyl dithiobenzoate, and 4-cyano-4-((thiobenzoyl)sulfanyl)pentanoic acid as chain transfer agents. Likewise diblock copolymers containing poly(styrene), poly(octylstyrene) and poly(pentafluorostyrene) as the second block were synthesized. Addnl., nitroxide mediated polymerization (NMP) was investigated for the synthesis of a homopolymer as well as for a diblock copolymer. Furthermore, the post-polymerization functionalization with various amines to yield the resp. sulfonamides was conducted. The conversion was analyzed by ¹H NMR spectroscopy, ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy and in many cases a very high conversion (>96%) was observed In addition the reaction kinetics of the post-polymerization functionalization of poly(pentafluorophenyl 4-vinylbenzene sulfonate) and the corresponding carboxyl ester poly(pentafluorophenyl 4-vinylbenzoate) were compared by anal. of the reactions by time-resolved ¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy. It was found that poly(pentafluorophenyl 4-vinylbenzoate) showed a higher stability towards hydrolysis and a significantly higher reactivity, resulting in complete conversions with different amines. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Benzyl benzodithioate (cas: 27249-90-7Related Products of 27249-90-7).

Benzyl benzodithioate (cas: 27249-90-7) belongs to esters. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Esters contain a carbonyl center, which gives rise to 120° C–C–O and O–C–O angles. Unlike amides, esters are structurally flexible functional groups because rotation about the C–O–C bonds has a low barrier. Their flexibility and low polarity is manifested in their physical properties; they tend to be less rigid (lower melting point) and more volatile (lower boiling point) than the corresponding amides. Related Products of 27249-90-7

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Resonance effect in Hammett relation. IV. Linear free energy based on the normal substituent constants was written by Yukawa, Yasuhide;Tsuno, Yuho;Sawada, Masami. And the article was included in Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan in 1966.Recommanded Product: 587-88-2 This article mentions the following:

A set of normal substituent constants, σ0, was derived from the rates of alk. hydrolysis of m- and p-substituted Et phenylacetates in 60% Me2CO at 25.0°. The values of the σ0 constants obtained were generally identical with Taft’s values within exptl. uncertainty. On the basis of the derived σ0, substituent effects on the general electrophilic reactions were related excellently by the equation log k/k0 = ρ(σ0 + rΔ σR+), where ΔσR+ corresponds to the exaltation of Brown and Okamoto’s σ+ from σ0 (CA 53, 9120f). Similar treatment could also be applied to the nucleophilic reactions. The utility of this equation for the estimation of resonance contribution and for the consideration of reaction mechanisms is discussed. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl 2-(4-fluorophenyl)acetate (cas: 587-88-2Recommanded Product: 587-88-2).

Ethyl 2-(4-fluorophenyl)acetate (cas: 587-88-2) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Because of their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability, esters do not self-associate. Consequently, esters are more volatile than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.Recommanded Product: 587-88-2

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Regioselective synthesis of 2,3,4- or 2,3,5-trisubstituted pyrroles via [3,3] or [1,3] rearrangements of O-vinyl oximes was written by Wang, Heng-Yen;Mueller, Daniel S.;Sachwani, Rachna M.;Kapadia, Rachel;Londino, Hannah N.;Anderson, Laura L.. And the article was included in Journal of Organic Chemistry in 2011.Name: Ethyl 3-oxo-3-(m-tolyl)propanoate This article mentions the following:

The regioselective synthesis of 2,3,4- or 2,3,5-trisubstituted pyrroles e. g., I has been achieved via [3,3] and [1,3] sigmatropic rearrangements of O-vinyl oximes, resp. Iridium-catalyzed isomerization of easily prepared O-allyl oximes enables rapid access to O-vinyl oximes. Optimization and scope of the O-allyl oxime isomerization and subsequent pyrrole formation are discussed and mechanistic pathways are proposed. The regioselectivity of pyrrole formation can be controlled by either the identity of the α-substituent or through the addition of an amine base. When enolization is favored, a [3,3] rearrangement followed by a Paal-Knorr cyclization provides a 2,3,4-trisubstituted pyrrole; when enolization is disfavored, a [1,3] rearrangement occurs prior to enolization to produce a 2,3,5-trisubstituted pyrrole after cyclization. Conditions are provided for selecting either the [3,3] rearrangement or the [1,3] rearrangement product with β-ester O-allyl oxime substrates. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl 3-oxo-3-(m-tolyl)propanoate (cas: 33166-79-9Name: Ethyl 3-oxo-3-(m-tolyl)propanoate).

Ethyl 3-oxo-3-(m-tolyl)propanoate (cas: 33166-79-9) belongs to esters. Carboxylic acid esters of low molecular weight are colourless, volatile liquids with pleasant odours, slightly soluble in water. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides alcoholysis is another way to produce esters. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with alcohols to produce esters. Anydrous conditions are recommended since both acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with water.Name: Ethyl 3-oxo-3-(m-tolyl)propanoate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Preparation of some isothiocyanates was written by Cherbuliez, Emile;Weber, G.;Wyss, G.;Rabinowitz, J.. And the article was included in Helvetica Chimica Acta in 1965.Quality Control of 4-Fluorobenzylisothiocyanate This article mentions the following:

Isothiocyanates were prepared from amines and thiophosgene or by isomerization of benzyl thiocyanates. m-Trifluoromethylbenzonitrile and LiAlH₄ in ether gave 73% m-trifluoromethylbenzylamine, b₄₀ 95-7°. Vigorously stirred CSCl₂ in water treated with approx. an equimolar amount of RNH₂ yielded the following RNCS (R, b.p., and % yield listed): m-F₃CC₆H₄, b₁₂ 86-8°, 68; m-Fe₃CC₆H₄CH₂, b₈ 112-16°, 18; p-FC₆H₄(CH₂)₂, b₁₂ 135-9°, 27; p-O₂NC₆H₄, -, 85; p-BrC₆H₄, -, 71; PhCH₂, -, 60. p-Fluorobenzyl chloride and KSCN in Me₂NCHO or Me₂CO heated 4 hrs. at 40-60° gave 91% p-fluorobenzyl thiocyanate, b₁₂ 132-3°, which, heated 2 hrs. at 200°, yielded 70% p-fluorobenzyl isothiocyanate, b₉ 122-4°. p-Bromobenzyl bromide similarly gave 84% p-bromobenzyl thiocyanate, b₁₂ 172-5°, and 70% p-bromobenzyl isothiocyanate, b₉ 158-9°. 2-(p-Fluorophenyl)ethyl thiocyanate, b₁₂ 149-51°, obtained in 77% yield from the bromide, was not isomerized under these conditions. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 4-Fluorobenzylisothiocyanate (cas: 2740-88-7Quality Control of 4-Fluorobenzylisothiocyanate).

4-Fluorobenzylisothiocyanate (cas: 2740-88-7) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Esters are more polar than ethers but less polar than alcohols. They participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding confers some water-solubility.Quality Control of 4-Fluorobenzylisothiocyanate

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Controlling Polymer Composition in Organocatalyzed Photoredox Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization of Vinylcyclopropanes was written by Chen, Dian-Feng;Boyle, Bret M.;McCarthy, Blaine G.;Lim, Chern-Hooi;Miyake, Garret M.. And the article was included in Journal of the American Chemical Society in 2019.Safety of malonic acid dibutyl ester This article mentions the following:

Although radical polymerizations are among the most prevalent methodologies for the synthesis of polymers with diverse compositions and properties, the intrinsic reactivity and selectivity of radical addition challenge the ability to impart control over the polymerization propagation and produce polymers with defined microstructure. Vinylcyclopropanes (VCPs) can be polymerized through radical ring-opening polymerization to produce polymers possessing linear (l) or cyclic (c) repeat units, providing the opportunity to control polymer structure and modify the polymer properties. Herein, we report the first organocatalyzed photoredox radical ring-opening polymerization of a variety of functionalized VCP monomers, where high monomer conversions and spatial and temporal control were achieved to produce poly(VCPs) with predictable mol. weight and low dispersity. Through manipulating polymerization concentration and temperature, tunable l or c content was realized, allowing further investigation of thermal and viscoelastic materials properties associated with these two distinct compositions Unexpectedly, the photoredox catalysis enables a postpolymn. modification that converts l content into the c content. Combined exptl. and computational studies suggested an intramol. radical cyclization pathway, where cyclopentane and cyclohexane repeat units are likely formed. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, malonic acid dibutyl ester (cas: 1190-39-2Safety of malonic acid dibutyl ester).

malonic acid dibutyl ester (cas: 1190-39-2) belongs to esters. Carboxylic acid esters of low molecular weight are colourless, volatile liquids with pleasant odours, slightly soluble in water. Cyclic esters are called lactones, regardless of whether they are derived from an organic or inorganic acid. One example of an organic lactone is γ-valerolactone.Safety of malonic acid dibutyl ester

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Identification of key aroma-active compounds in beef tallow varieties using flash GC electronic nose and GC x GC-TOF/MS was written by Wang, Jing;Chen, Le;Liu, Ying;Olajide, Tosin Michael;Jiang, Yuanrong;Cao, Wenming. And the article was included in European Food Research and Technology in 2022.Application In Synthesis of 5-Ethyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one This article mentions the following:

To uncover the integral flavor characteristics and individual odor active compounds in tallow derived from different beef fats: inguinal (IF), omental (OF), and perirenal fats (PF), we used flash GC electronic nose (flash GC E-nose) to analyze and characterize the samples. GC x GC-TOF/MS identified and quantified 195 volatile compounds with significant differences amongst the three kinds of fats. There were 45 important odorants (ROAV > 0.1) containing 23 key odorants (ROAV > 1), of which 43, 34, 35 important odorants were found in IF, OF, and PF, resp. Our results showed that the key odorants overall probably contribute to a fatty and sweat acid smell in IF, a meaty and slightly sweet taste in OF, and sweetness and slightly meaty taste in PF. Elucidating the distribution of key odorants in beef tallow from different parts of animals could provide a scientific basis for formulating and selecting raw materials of high-quality beef tallow flavor products. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Ethyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (cas: 695-06-7Application In Synthesis of 5-Ethyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one).

5-Ethyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (cas: 695-06-7) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Esters are more polar than ethers but less polar than alcohols. They participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding confers some water-solubility.Application In Synthesis of 5-Ethyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Simultaneous analysis of volatile and semi-volatile components in a topical formulation by gas chromatography using a programmed temperature vaporization inlet and flame ionization detection was written by Anyakudo, Felix;Adams, Erwin;Van Schepdael, Ann. And the article was included in Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis in 2019.SDS of cas: 118-61-6 This article mentions the following:

Topical formulations are medications applied locally on the skin to treat ailment. They are made up of complex mixtures of active ingredients and excipients. Till date, no anal. method has been found in literature that is able to simultaneously analyze volatile and semi-volatile actives present in topical formulations. In this work, an anal. procedure by gas chromatog. equipped with a programmed temperature vaporizing (PTV) inlet and a flame ionization detector was developed and validated for the simultaneous quant. determination of volatile and semi-volatile actives such as camphor, L-menthol, Me salicylate, Et salicylate, salicylic acid, glycol monosalicylate and capsaicin in a topical formulation. Liquid-liquid extraction was used to isolate the components of interest prior to injection into the gas chromatog. system. All target analytes were completely separated from each other and a linear calibration curve was achieved for all analytes with a determination coefficient > 0.995. 2-phenoxyethanol was used as internal standard for quantitation. Good repeatability and recovery values were achieved and reported. This method reports for the first time, the simultaneous quant. anal. of volatile and semi-volatile active pharmaceutical ingredients in a single measurement. The developed method was successfully applied to the anal. of real pharmaceutical samples and the described anal. protocols can be recommended for routine anal. of both volatile and semi-volatile actives in the topical formulation. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (cas: 118-61-6SDS of cas: 118-61-6).

Ethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (cas: 118-61-6) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Esters contain a carbonyl center, which gives rise to 120° C–C–O and O–C–O angles. Unlike amides, esters are structurally flexible functional groups because rotation about the C–O–C bonds has a low barrier. Their flexibility and low polarity is manifested in their physical properties; they tend to be less rigid (lower melting point) and more volatile (lower boiling point) than the corresponding amides. SDS of cas: 118-61-6

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

E-cigarette fluids and aerosol residues cause oxidative stress and an inflammatory response in human keratinocytes and 3D skin models was written by Khachatoorian, Careen;Luo, Wentai;McWhirter, Kevin J.;Pankow, James F.;Talbot, Prue. And the article was included in Toxicology In Vitro in 2021.Electric Literature of C10H18O2 This article mentions the following:

Our goal was to evaluate the effects of EC refill fluids and EC exhaled aerosol residue (ECEAR) on cultured human keratinocytes and MatTek EpiDerm, a 3D air liquid interface human skin model. Quantification of flavor chems. and nicotine in Dewberry Cream and Churrios refill fluids was done using GC-MS. The dominant flavor chems. were maltol, ethyl maltol, vanillin, Et vanillin, benzyl alc., and furaneol. Cytotoxicity was determined with the MTT and LDH assays, and inflammatory markers were quantified with ELISAs. Churrios was cytotoxic to keratinocytes in the MTT assay, and both fluids induced ROS production in the medium (ROS-Glo) and in cells (CellROX). Exposure of EpiDerm to relevant concentrations of Dewberry Cream and Churrios for 4 or 24 h caused secretion of inflammatory markers (IL-1α, IL-6, and MMP-9), without altering EpiDerm histol. Lab made fluids with propylene glycol (PG) or PG plus a flavor chem. did not produce cytotoxic effects, but increased secretion of IL-1α and MMP-9, which was attributed to PG. ECEAR derived from Dewberry Cream and Churrios did not produce cytotoxicity with Epiderm, but Churrios ECEAR induced IL-1α secretion. These data support the conclusion that EC chems. can cause oxidative damage and inflammation to human skin. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 5-Hexyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (cas: 706-14-9Electric Literature of C10H18O2).

5-Hexyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (cas: 706-14-9) belongs to esters. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Esterification is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants (typically an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product. Esters are common in organic chemistry and biological materials.Electric Literature of C10H18O2

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Solution-Phase Parallel Synthesis of Spirohydantoins was written by Nieto, Marcelo J.;Philip, Ashok E.;Poupaert, Jacques H.;McCurdy, Christopher R.. And the article was included in Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry in 2005.COA of Formula: C8H4N2O This article mentions the following:

Spirohydantoins are considered privileged structures, making them attractive for the preparation of compound libraries with the potential for diverse biol. activity. However, very few modifications of this scaffold have been reported to date. The spirohydantoin template was elaborated into a library of 168 compounds through a two-step solution-phase parallel synthesis starting from various N-substituted piperidinone derivatives The Strecker reaction was employed to generate α-amino nitriles from aniline and TMSCN (or KCN). Subsequent reaction of the anilido nitrogen with a diverse set of isocyanates, followed by refluxing under acidic conditions, afforded the title library in high yield and purity. An example compound thus prepared was 3-butyl-8-methyl-1-phenyl-1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane-2,4-dione (I). In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, 3-Cyanophenylisocyanate (cas: 16413-26-6COA of Formula: C8H4N2O).

3-Cyanophenylisocyanate (cas: 16413-26-6) belongs to esters. Esters are widespread in nature and are widely used in industry. In nature, fats are in general triesters derived from glycerol and fatty acids. Esters are responsible for the aroma of many fruits, including apples, durians, pears, bananas, pineapples, and strawberries. Esters are more polar than ethers but less polar than alcohols. They participate in hydrogen bonds as hydrogen-bond acceptors, but cannot act as hydrogen-bond donors, unlike their parent alcohols. This ability to participate in hydrogen bonding confers some water-solubility.COA of Formula: C8H4N2O

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics