Electronic Cigarette Refill Fluids Sold Worldwide: Flavor Chemical Composition, Toxicity, and Hazard Analysis was written by Omaiye, Esther E.;Luo, Wentai;McWhirter, Kevin J.;Pankow, James F.;Talbot, Prue. And the article was included in Chemical Research in Toxicology in 2020.Reference of 118-61-6 This article mentions the following:
Flavor chems. in electronic cigarette (EC) fluids, which may neg. impact human health, have been studied in a limited number of countries/locations. To gain an understanding of how the composition and concentrations of flavor chems. in ECs are influenced by product sale location, we evaluated refill fluids manufactured by one company (Ritchy LTD) and purchased worldwide. Flavor chems. were identified and quantified using gas chromatog./mass spectrometry (GC/MS). We then screened the fluids for their effects on cytotoxicity (MTT assay) and proliferation (live-cell imaging) and tested authentic standards of specific flavor chems. to identify those that were cytotoxic at concentrations found in refill fluids. A total of 126 flavor chems. were detected in 103 bottles of refill fluid, and their number per/bottle ranged from 1-50 based on our target list. Two products had none of the flavor chems. on our target list, nor did they have any nontargeted flavor chems. A total of 28 flavor chems. were present at concentrations ≥1 mg/mL in at least one product, and 6 of these were present at concentrations ≥10 mg/mL. The total flavor chem. concentration was ≥1 mg/mL in 70% of the refill fluids and ≥10 mg/mL in 26%. For sub-brand duplicate bottles purchased in different countries, flavor chem. concentrations were similar and induced similar responses in the in vitro assays (cytotoxicity and cell growth inhibition). The levels of furaneol, benzyl alc., ethyl maltol, Et vanillin, corylone, and vanillin were significantly correlated with cytotoxicity. The margin of exposure calculations showed that pulegone and estragole levels were high enough in some products to present a nontrivial calculated risk for cancer. Flavor chem. concentrations in refill fluids often exceeded concentrations permitted in other consumer products. These data support the regulation of flavor chems. in EC products to reduce their potential for producing both cancer and noncancer toxicol. effects. In the experiment, the researchers used many compounds, for example, Ethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (cas: 118-61-6Reference of 118-61-6).
Ethyl 2-hydroxybenzoate (cas: 118-61-6) belongs to esters. Esters perform as high-grade solvents for a broad array of plastics, plasticizers, resins, and lacquers, and are one of the largest classes of synthetic lubricants on the commercial market. Polyesters are important plastics, with monomers linked by ester moieties. Because of their lack of hydrogen-bond-donating ability, esters do not self-associate. Consequently, esters are more volatile than carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.Reference of 118-61-6
Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics