Month: December 2022

Zhang, Zhuhong published the artcileMechanistic study of silica nanoparticles on the size-dependent retinal toxicity in vitro and in vivo, Category: esters-buliding-blocks, the main research area is silica nanoparticles mechanistics retinal toxicity; Ganglion cell degeneration; Glial cell activation; Inflammation; ROS; Retinal toxicity; SiO2 NPs.

Silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) are extensively applied in the biomedical field. The increasing medical application of SiO2 NPs has raised concerns about their safety. However, studies on SiO2 NP-induced retinal toxicity are lacking. We investigated the retinal toxicity of SiO2 NPs with different sizes (15 and 50 nm) in vitro and in vivo along with the underlying mechanisms. The cytotoxicity of SiO2 NPs with different sizes was assessed in R28 human retinal precursor cells by determining the ATP content and LDH release. The cell morphologies and nanoparticle distributions in the cells were analyzed by phase-contrast microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, resp. The mitochondrial membrane potential was examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The retinal toxicity induced by SiO2 NPs in vivo was examined by immunohistochem. anal. To further investigate the mechanism of retinal toxicity induced by SiO2 NPs, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, glial cell activation and inflammation were monitored. The 15-nm SiO2 NPs were found to have higher cytotoxicity than the larger NPs. Notably, the 15-nm SiO2 NPs induced retinal toxicity in vivo, as demonstrated by increased cell death in the retina, TUNEL-stained retinal cells, retinal ganglion cell degeneration, glial cell activation, and inflammation. In addition, The SiO2 NPs caused oxidative stress, as demonstrated by the increase in the ROS indicator H2DCF-DA. Furthermore, the pretreatment of R28 cells with N-acetylcysteine, an ROS scavenger, attenuated the ROS production and cytotoxicity induced by SiO2 NPs. These results provide evidence that SiO2 NPs induce size-dependent retinal toxicity and suggest that glial cell activation and ROS generation contribute to this toxicity.

Journal of Nanobiotechnology published new progress about Homo sapiens. 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, Category: esters-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Hamdan, Dalia I. published the artcileEchinops taeckholmiana Amin: Optimization of a Tissue Culture Protocol, Biological Evaluation, and Chemical Profiling Using GC and LC-MS, Category: esters-buliding-blocks, the main research area is Echinops tissue culture metabolite.

There have been no reports published on the rare Echinops taeckholmiana growing wildly in Egypt. So, this study aimed to preserve it through method optimization of in vitro seed germination, besides callus formation from induced seedlings. Chem. profiling using gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) anal. of the n-hexane fraction afforded 29 identified components, mainly fatty acids esters, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, one thiophene, and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Ultra-performance liquid chromatog.-electron spray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI/MS-MS) anal. of total alc. root and induced calli extracts resulted in 68 metabolites. Taraxeryl acetate, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol-3β-D-glucoside, and 1,1,1-kestopentaose were identified from the defatted root extract, which inhibited α-amylase (IC50 54.6 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (60.4 μg/mL) enzymes compared with acarbose (IC50 values of 30.57 and 34.71 μg/mL, resp.). Moreover, it showed moderate activity against HepG2 (IC50 31.1 ± 1.4 μg/mL) and no activity against M-NFS-60 cell lines compared to cisplatin (IC50 3.25 ± 1.4 and 8.37 ± 0.25, resp.).

ACS Omega published new progress about Cytotoxic agents. 110-42-9 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Methyl decanoate, and the molecular formula is C11H22O2, Category: esters-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Hamdan, Dalia I. published the artcileEchinops taeckholmiana Amin: Optimization of a Tissue Culture Protocol, Biological Evaluation, and Chemical Profiling Using GC and LC-MS, Formula: C17H34O2, the main research area is Echinops tissue culture metabolite.

There have been no reports published on the rare Echinops taeckholmiana growing wildly in Egypt. So, this study aimed to preserve it through method optimization of in vitro seed germination, besides callus formation from induced seedlings. Chem. profiling using gas chromatog.-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) anal. of the n-hexane fraction afforded 29 identified components, mainly fatty acids esters, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, one thiophene, and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Ultra-performance liquid chromatog.-electron spray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI/MS-MS) anal. of total alc. root and induced calli extracts resulted in 68 metabolites. Taraxeryl acetate, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol-3β-D-glucoside, and 1,1,1-kestopentaose were identified from the defatted root extract, which inhibited α-amylase (IC50 54.6 μg/mL) and α-glucosidase (60.4 μg/mL) enzymes compared with acarbose (IC50 values of 30.57 and 34.71 μg/mL, resp.). Moreover, it showed moderate activity against HepG2 (IC50 31.1 ± 1.4 μg/mL) and no activity against M-NFS-60 cell lines compared to cisplatin (IC50 3.25 ± 1.4 and 8.37 ± 0.25, resp.).

ACS Omega published new progress about Cytotoxic agents. 41114-00-5 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Ethyl pentadecanoate, and the molecular formula is C17H34O2, Formula: C17H34O2.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Lv, Xiaobo published the artcileSynthesis, Characterization, and Mechanism of Copolymer Viscosity Reducer for Heavy Oil, Category: esters-buliding-blocks, the main research area is synthesis characterization mechanism copolymer viscosity reducer heavy petroleum.

A functional copolymer viscosity reducer based on mol. dynamics simulations was synthesized using monomers of mixed ester, 4-vinylpyridine, and styrene. The possible structure and number of hydrogen bonds within the complex structure of heavy oil were simulated and analyzed after the copolymer was added. Results showed that the number of hydrogen bonds in asphaltene in the simulation structure decreased from 36 to 28 per unit volume with the addition of the copolymer. The original plane overlap structure of asphaltene was damaged as soon as interactions occurred between the asphaltene and copolymer mol. The potential energy of the system was higher with the addition of the copolymer, while the non-bond energy difference of the two systems was not obvious. The stereohindrance effect of the copolymer viscosity reducer mols. either broke or improved the interlocking structures of the asphaltene, helping to decrease the viscosity of the heavy oil.

Energy & Fuels published new progress about Heavy petroleum Role: PEP (Physical, Engineering or Chemical Process), PRP (Properties), PROC (Process). 142-90-5 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Dodecyl 2-methylacrylate, and the molecular formula is C16H30O2, Category: esters-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Sahu, Preeti published the artcileZeolite-β based molecular sieves: A potential catalyst for esterification of biomass derived model compound levulinic acid, Application of Ethyl 4-oxopentanoate, the main research area is levulinic acid zeolite mol sieve potential catalyst esterification.

A series of hetero ions (iron, boron, gallium, titanium, and zinc [Fe3+, B3+, Ga3+, Ti4+, and Zn2+, resp.)] incorporated zeolite-β is prepared via a simple hydrothermal method within 48 h at 170°. Fourier transform-IR spectroscopy anal. and powder X-ray diffraction (FT-IR and XRD, resp.) studies demonstrated the formation of the crystalline phase of the zeolite framework with BEA structure. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images showed a uniform spherical shape with a particle size of <1μm. The presence of strong acidic sites and the microporous nature of the materials was evident from sorption studies. The resulting Al-, Ga-, Zn-, and Ti- containing zeolite-β materials showed excellent activity for the esterification of levulinic acid using several alcs. (such as methanol, n-butanol, and amyl alc.) with a levulinate ester yield of more than 95%. Significant advantages of the protocol include good activity, the use of a green solvent, and easy removal of the catalyst via filtration. The catalyst activity remained almost intact even after several reaction cycles. Materials Science for Energy Technologies published new progress about Biomass. 539-88-8 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Ethyl 4-oxopentanoate, and the molecular formula is C7H12O3, Application of Ethyl 4-oxopentanoate.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Sarmiento, Jeymy T. published the artcileFavoring Alkane Primary Carbon-Hydrogen Bond Functionalization in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as Reaction Medium, Safety of Ethyl octanoate, the main research area is alkane primary carbon hydrogen bond functionalization supercritical carbon dioxide.

The selectivity of a catalytic alkane functionalization process can be modified just changing the reaction medium from neat alkane to supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). A silica supported copper complex bearing an N-heterocyclic carbene ligand promotes the functionalization of carbon-hydrogen bonds of alkanes by transferring the CHCO2Et group from N2=CHCO2Et (Et diazoacetate, EDA). In neat hexane only 3% of the primary C-H bonds (Et heptanoate being the product) are functionalized in that manner, whereas the same reaction carried out in scCO2 provides a 30% yield in this linear ester. Such effect seems to be induced by an electronic d. flux from the NHC ligand to the surrounding carbon dioxide mols.

ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering published new progress about Alkylation. 106-32-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Ethyl octanoate, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, Safety of Ethyl octanoate.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Oh, Xin Yi published the artcileSynthesis of degradable and chemically recyclable polymers using 4,4-disubstituted five-membered cyclic ketene hemiacetal ester (CKHE) monomers, HPLC of Formula: 142-90-5, the main research area is cyclic ketene hemiacetal ester monomer degradable polymer synthesis.

Novel degradable and chem. recyclable polymers were synthesized using five-membered cyclic ketene hemiacetal ester (CKHE) monomers. The studied monomers were 4,4-dimethyl-2-methylene-1,3-dioxolan-5-one (DMDL) and 5-methyl-2-methylene-5-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-one (PhDL). The two monomers were synthesized in high yields (80-90%), which is an attractive feature. DMDL afforded its homopolymer with a relatively high mol. weight (Mn >100 000, where Mn is the number-average mol. weight). DMDL and PhDL were copolymerized with various families of vinyl monomers, i.e., methacrylates, acrylates, styrene, acrylonitrile, vinyl pyrrolidinone, and acrylamide, and various functional methacrylates and acrylate. Such a wide scope of the accessible polymers is highly useful for material design. The obtained homopolymers and random copolymers of DMDL degraded in basic conditions (in the presence of a hydroxide or an amine) at relatively mild temperatures (room temperature to 65°C). The degradation of the DMDL homopolymer generated 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid (HIBA). The generated HIBA was recovered and used as an ingredient to re-synthesize DMDL monomer, and this monomer was further used to re-synthesize the DMDL polymer, demonstrating the chem. recycling of the DMDL polymer. Such degradability and chem. recyclability of the DMDL polymer may contribute to the circular materials economy.

Chemical Science published new progress about Atom transfer radical polymerization. 142-90-5 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Dodecyl 2-methylacrylate, and the molecular formula is C16H30O2, HPLC of Formula: 142-90-5.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Angeles-Arvizu, Adriana published the artcileMDR1 protein (ABC-C1) Over Expression in Giardia Intestinalis Incubated with Albendazole and Nitazoxanide, Application In Synthesis of 55981-09-4, the main research area is albendazole nitazoxanide ABC transporter MDF1 GIardia drug efflux; ABC transporters; Giardia intestinalis; MDR1.

Giardia intestinalis is a worldwide parasite. Drugs used for the treatment of giardiasis are metronidazole, albendazole and nitazoxanide. The development of drug resistance is an obstacle to the effective treatment. Resistance mechanisms in some parasites involve the participation of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. To find if the ATP-binding cassette genes are overexpressed in trophozoites treated with albendazole or nitazoxanide. A search for ATP-binding cassette genes in Giardia sequence database (GiardiaDB) was done and six genes were selected. Trophozoites treated with albendazole or nitazoxanide and the expression of these six ABC genes was quantitated by real-time RT-PCR. The ABC-C1 gene was selected, and a fragment cloned. The ABC-C1 protein was expressed, and polyclonal antibodies were elicited in mice to detect the protein in treated trophozoites, finally a docking anal. was performed for ABC-C1 and tizoxanide interaction. Bioinformatics anal. showed that the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) topol. is present in the six proteins. The qRT-PCR revealed that the ABC-C1 gene was overexpressed in cells incubated with nitazoxanide or albendazole. Confocal anal. showed that ABC-C1 protein levels increased in trophozoites with both treatments but was higher with nitazoxanide. The mark was detected heavily in the periphery of the cells. Using a docking anal., it was found that the nitazoxanide metabolite, tizoxanide was docked close to the ATP-binding region as well as in the exit tunnel, located in the transmembrane region. These findings in Giardia intestinalis, support the possible role of ABC-C1 in drug efflux.

Acta Parasitologica published new progress about Bioinformatics. 55981-09-4 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2-((5-Nitrothiazol-2-yl)carbamoyl)phenyl acetate, and the molecular formula is C12H9N3O5S, Application In Synthesis of 55981-09-4.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Wang, Yuting published the artcilePolybrominated diphenyl ethers quinone-induced intracellular protein oxidative damage triggers ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosomal system activation in LO2 cells, SDS of cas: 2044-85-1, the main research area is polybrominated diphenyl ether quinone protein oxidative ubiquitin proteasome autophagy; Autophagy; Endoplasmic reticulum stress; PBDEQ; Protein oxidative damage; Ubiquitin-proteasome system.

Polybrominated di-Ph ethers (PBDEs), a kind of flame retardants, were widely used in the furniture, textile and electronics industries. Because of their lipophilic, persistent and bio-accumulative properties, PBDEs were listed on the Stockholm Convention as typical persistent organic pollutants (POPs). We have previously reported that a highly active, quinone-type metabolite of PBDEs (PBDEQ) causes DNA damage and subsequently triggers apoptosis. However, it is remaining unclear whether PBDEQ provokes protein damage and stimulates corresponding signaling cascade. Using human normal liver (LO2) cells as an in vitro model, we demonstrated that PBDEQ causes oxidative protein damage through excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). Consistently, we found PBDEQ exposure causes the depletion of protein thiol group, the appearance of carbonyl group and the accumulation of protein aggregates. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was involved in the repair of oxidized proteins. Under the scenario of severe damage, LO2 cells degrade oxidized proteins through ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy. The blockage of these protein degradation pathways aggravates PBDEQ-induced cytotoxicity in LO2 cells, while antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) rescues PBDEQ-induced oxidative protein damage conversely. In summary, our current study first demonstrated PBDEQ-induced protein oxidative damage in LO2 cells, which offer a better understanding of the cytotoxicity of PBDEs and corresponding metabolites.

Chemosphere published new progress about Activating transcription factor 6α Role: BSU (Biological Study, Unclassified), BIOL (Biological Study). 2044-85-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is 2′,7′-Dichloro-3-oxo-3H-spiro[isobenzofuran-1,9′-xanthene]-3′,6′-diyl diacetate, and the molecular formula is C24H14Cl2O7, SDS of cas: 2044-85-1.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Zhang, Jiang published the artcileEffects of dimethyl dicarbonate on improving the aroma of melon spirits by inhibiting spoilage microorganisms, Category: esters-buliding-blocks, the main research area is Cucumis aroma dimethyl dicarbonate spoilage microorganism.

Melon is susceptible to spoilage microorganisms and contains heat-sensitive flavor. Therefore, an ideal spoilage inhibitor should be used in the production of melon spirits. The effects of di-Me decarbonate (DMDC) on the changes in microorganisms and volatiles were systematically investigated during the fermentation of melon juice. More than 70 volatiles were detected, and most were related to fermentation DMDC markedly inhibited the microorganisms and altered the types and quantities of flavor substances in final spirits. Isobutanol, isovaleraldehyde, acetal, and other undesirable volatiles related to abnormal fermentation were greatly reduced, while desirable volatiles, such as benzaldehyde and 2-heptanone, were enhanced. In particular, the relative contents of nine-carbon atom compounds, which are key flavor substances of melon, were significantly changed. These changes improved the sensory quality by increasing the melon and flower fragrances while decreasing the sour and pomace notes. Furthermore, adding DMDC did not allow methanol to reach exceed safety levels. DMDC markedly inhibited the microorganisms during fermentation and altered the types and quantities of flavor substance in final melon spirits. These changes improved the sensory quality of spirits by increasing the melon and flower fragrances and decreasing the sour and pomace notes. DMDC is an ideal spoilage inhibitor that can be used in the production of melon spirits.

Journal of Food Processing and Preservation published new progress about Alcoholic beverages. 106-32-1 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, name is Ethyl octanoate, and the molecular formula is C10H20O2, Category: esters-buliding-blocks.

Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics