Production of upgraded biocrude from hydrothermal liquefaction using clays as in situ catalysts was written by Ma, Qiulin;Wang, Kui;Sudibyo, Hanifrahmawan;Tester, Jefferson W.;Huang, Guangqun;Han, Lujia;Goldfarb, Jillian L.. And the article was included in Energy Conversion and Management in 2021.Application In Synthesis of Ethyl 3-ethoxypropanoate The following contents are mentioned in the article:
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a thermochem. process that converts biomass into biocrude. HTL suffers from low yields of water-insoluble biocrude with high oxygen contents and low heating values. Inexpensive clay minerals including montmorillonite, dolomite, kaolinite and sand were used to upgrade HTL biocrude as in situ acid-base catalysts. Batch tests were performed using starch with 5 wt% clay minerals at 300°C for 1 h. Bio-oil was fractionated into water-soluble and water-insoluble parts to explore potential catalytic mechanisms by analyzing the fractional distribution, elemental composition and chem. composition Higher carbon recoveries in the bio-oil fraction (approaching 60%) occurred with clay-catalyzed HTL. Energy recovery of both bio-oil fractions increased by approx. 22% for all clays. A base-catalyzed pathway inhibits char formation from catalytic HTL, with dolomite approaching a char yield as low as 3%. Chromatog. anal. of heavy and light oils from both fractions showed that dolomite and montmorillonite play a catalytic effect via base and acid pathways on upgrading biocrude. Clay-catalyzed HTL modified the b.p. distributions by producing more 100-300°C middle temperature distillates. Overall, catalytic HTL with clay minerals enhanced the heating value and energy recovery of bio-oils. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as Ethyl 3-ethoxypropanoate (cas: 763-69-9Application In Synthesis of Ethyl 3-ethoxypropanoate).
Ethyl 3-ethoxypropanoate (cas: 763-69-9) belongs to esters. Esters are also usually derived from carboxylic acids. It may also be obtained by reaction of acid anhydride or acid halides with alcohols or by the reaction of salts of carboxylic acids with alkyl halides. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides alcoholysis is another way to produce esters. Acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with alcohols to produce esters. Anydrous conditions are recommended since both acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides react with water.Application In Synthesis of Ethyl 3-ethoxypropanoate
Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics