Proton pump inhibitors and traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of acute interstitial nephritis and acute kidney injury was written by Leonard, Charles E.;Freeman, Cristin P.;Newcomb, Craig W.;Reese, Peter P.;Herlim, Maximilian;Bilker, Warren B.;Hennessy, Sean;Strom, Brian L.. And the article was included in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety in 2012.Formula: C17H15NO5 The following contents are mentioned in the article:
Purpose : This study aims to examine the associations between proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (tNSAIDs), PPI + tNSAID co-exposure, and the development of the following: (i) acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), a specific kidney injury often attributed to these drugs, and (ii) acute kidney injury (AKI), a general kidney injury encompassing AIN. Methods : Two retrospective case-control studies were conducted, one for each outcome, within the General Practice Research Database. Cases were diagnostic-coded AIN (primary outcome) or AKI (secondary outcome) events. Controls were matched on age, sex, and general practitioner practice. Exposures were defined by the presence/absence of the following mutually exclusive therapies on the index date: (i) PPI alone; (ii) tNSAID alone; (iii) PPI + tNSAID; or (iv) neither PPI nor tNSAID (referent). Results : Sixty-eight AIN cases and 3347 controls were identified. The adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for PPI and tNSAID exposures alone were 3.20 (0.80-12.79) and 1.90 (0.65-5.51), resp. Numerous sensitivity analyses produced adjusted ORs for AIN between 3.0 and 7.7, and 1.6 and 1.9, resp. We identified 27 982 AKI cases and 1 323 850 controls. The adjusted ORs for PPI alone, tNSAID alone, and PPI + tNSAID exposures were 1.05 (0.97-1.14), 1.31 (1.25-1.37), and 1.33 (1.07-1.64), resp. Numerous sensitivity analyses produced adjusted ORs for AKI between 1.0 and 1.1, 1.1 and 1.3, and 1.3 and 1.4, resp. Conclusions : Proton pump inhibitor exposure may increase the odds of AIN, but this result was not definitive and should be confirmed in a dataset with more AIN cases to allow for increased statistical precision. TNSAIDs, yet not PPIs, were associated with a significantly increased odds of AKI. This study involved multiple reactions and reactants, such as 4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate (cas: 5003-48-5Formula: C17H15NO5).
4-Acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate (cas: 5003-48-5) belongs to esters. Esters typically have a pleasant smell; those of low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and are found in essential oils and pheromones. Many esters have the potential for conformational isomerism, but they tend to adopt an s-cis (or Z) conformation rather than the s-trans (or E) alternative, due to a combination of hyperconjugation and dipole minimization effects. The preference for the Z conformation is influenced by the nature of the substituents and solvent, if present. Lactones with small rings are restricted to the s-trans (i.e. E) conformation due to their cyclic structure.Formula: C17H15NO5
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