In 2017,Zhao, Chenfei; Sojdak, Christopher A.; Myint, Wazo; Seidel, Daniel published 《Reductive Etherification via Anion-Binding Catalysis》.Journal of the American Chemical Society published the findings.Computed Properties of C4H8O3 The information in the text is summarized as follows:
In the presence of bis[4-cyano-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]thiourea as an anion-binding catalyst, aldehydes and ketones underwent chemoselective reductive etherification reactions with alcs. mediated by HCl and (HSiMe2)2O in CH2Cl2 to yield unsym. dialkyl ethers; the reaction tolerated chloro and bromo, nitro, cyano, and ester moieties, and formed little if any of the sym. ether derived from aldehyde or ketone reductive homocoupling. The results came from multiple reactions, including the reaction of Methyl 3-hydroxypropanoate(cas: 6149-41-3Computed Properties of C4H8O3)
Methyl 3-hydroxypropanoate(cas: 6149-41-3) belongs to esters with low molecular weight are commonly used as fragrances and found in essential oils and pheromones. Their flexibility and low polarity is manifested in their physical properties; they tend to be less rigid (lower melting point) and more volatile (lower boiling point) than the corresponding amides. Computed Properties of C4H8O3
Referemce:
Ester – Wikipedia,
Ester – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics