Lombardi, Francesca; Augello, Francesca Rosaria; Artone, Serena; Gugu, Mitilda Karoli; Cifone, Maria Grazia; Cinque, Benedetta; Palumbo, Paola published the artcile< Up-Regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Expression by Temozolomide (TMZ) in Human Glioblastoma (GBM) Cell Lines>, Related Products of 112-63-0, the main research area is cyclooxygenase upregulation expression temozolomide human glioblastoma; COX-2; COX-2 inhibitor; MGMT; NS398; SOX-2; T98G; U251MG; glioblastoma; temozolomide; β-catenin.
TMZ-resistance remains a main limitation in glioblastoma (GBM) treatment. TMZ is an alkylating agent whose cytotoxicity is modulated by O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), whose expression is determined by MGMT gene promoter methylation status. The inflammatory marker COX-2 has been implicated in GBM tumorigenesis, progression, and stemness. COX-2 inhibitors are considered a GBM add-on treatment due to their ability to increase TMZ-sensitivity. We investigated the effect of TMZ on COX-2 expression in GBM cell lines showing different COX-2 levels and TMZ sensitivity (T98G and U251MG). β-catenin, MGMT, and SOX-2 expression was analyzed. The effects of NS398, COX-2 inhibitor, alone or TMZ-combined, were studied evaluating cell proliferation by the IncuCyte system, cell cycle/apoptosis, and clonogenic potential. COX-2, β-catenin, MGMT, and SOX-2 expression was evaluated by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence and PGE2 by ELISA. Our findings, sustaining the role of COX-2/PGE2 system in TMZ-resistance of GBM, show, for the first time, a relevant, dose-dependent up-regulation of COX-2 expression and activity in TMZ-treated T98G that, in turn, correlated with chemoresistance. Similarly, all the COX-2-dependent signaling pathways involved in TMZ-resistance also resulted in being up-modulated after treatment with TMZ. NS398+TMZ was able to reduce cell proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Moreover, NS398+TMZ counteracted the resistance in T98G preventing the TMZ-induced COX-2, β-catenin, MGMT, and SOX-2 up-regulation.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences published new progress about Antitumor agent resistance. 112-63-0 belongs to class esters-buliding-blocks, and the molecular formula is C19H34O2, Related Products of 112-63-0.
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